The contribution of road traffic to particulate matter and metals in air pollution in the vicinity of an urban road

A detailed investigation was conducted to study the sources of particulate matter in the vicinity of an urban road in Žilina. To determine the amount of particulate matter (PM₁₀, PM_2.5 and PM₁) present in the ambient air, a reference gravimetric method was used. The main objective of this contribution was to identify the sources of these particles by means of statistical methods, specifically principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), and absolute principal component scores (APCS), as well as using the presence of 17 metals in the particulate matter (Na, Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Sb, Cd, Ba, Pb). To identify the metals in the particulate matter samples and to determine their abundances, spectroscopic methods were used, specifically inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Each of these metals may come from a specific source, such as the burning of fossil fuels in fossil fuel power plants; local heating of households; the burning of liquefied fossil fuels in the combustion engines of vehicles; the burning of coal and wood; non-combustion related emissions resulting from vehicular traffic; resuspension of traffic-related dust; and industry. Diesel vehicles and non-combustion emissions from road traffic have been identified as two key sources of the particulate matter. The results reveal that non-combustion emissions, which are associated with the elements Na, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Mo, Sb, Cd, and Pb, are the major contributors, followed by combustion emissions from diesel vehicles, which are associated with the elements Mg, Ca, and Ba.     

Modified environmental contour method for predicting long-term extreme responses of bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines

Predicting extreme responses is very important in designing a bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines. The commonly used method that account for the variability of the response and the environmental conditions is the full long-term analysis (FLTA), which is accurate but time consuming. It is a direct integration of all the probability distribution of short-term extremes and the environmental conditions. Since the long-term extreme responses are usually governed by very few important environmental conditions, the long-term analysis can be greatly simplified if such conditions are identified. For offshore structures, one simplified method is the environmental contour method (ECM), which uses the short-term extreme probability distribution of important environmental conditions selected on the contour surface with the relevant return periods. However, because of the inherent difference of offshore wind turbines and ordinary offshore structures, especially their non-monotonic behavior of the responses under wind loads, ECM cannot be directly applied because the environmental condition it selects is not close to the actual most important one.The paper presents a modified environmental contour method (MECM) for bottom-fixed offshore wind turbine applications. It can identify the most important environmental condition that governs the long-term extreme. The method is tested on the NREL 5 MW wind turbine supported by a simplified jacket-type support structure. Compared to the results of FLTA, MECM yields accurate results and is shown to be an efficient and reliable method for the prediction of the extreme responses of bottom-fixed offshore wind turbines.     

轿车制动性能统计分析与改进措施

利用数理统计方法，对409辆在用奥迪100轿车制动性能台试验测所得大量样本数据进行统计分析，揭示了该型轿车8项制动性能的统计特征和内在规律性，建立了相应的分布密度函数和分布函数模型。模型公式可以对制动性能的分布情况和相关概率进行准确的描述，计算结果与实测数据高度相符。本文研究还指出了车辆制动性能等方面存在的一些问题并提出了有针对性的改进措施和建议。     

基于多体动力学的车辆悬架控制臂载荷谱混合分布外推研究

试验场强化路载荷谱外推全寿命载荷谱是汽车构件疲劳耐久性能评判准确性的关键因素，针对参数法外推单分布估计的局限性，引入混合分布估计描述载荷谱多峰或复杂分布的综合特征。基于试验场强化路实车测试，应用多体动力学与有限元联合仿真，提取控制臂危险点应力谱；分别应用单分布和混合分布法解算应力谱拟合优度，以此为据选取应力谱最优均值、幅值概率密度并将应力谱循环外推至10⁶次，应用FKM平均应力修正法编制8级应力谱，依据Miner准则分别从载荷幅值分布、损伤分布以及总损伤量等方面对单分布与混合分布外推应力谱进行综合分析。研究结果表明：应用拟合优度能较好评估两分布对应力谱均、幅值拟合程度，混合分布拟合效果优于单分布，拟合优度均为98%，对应力谱分布特征描述更为精确，可为外推提供较真实的载荷分布概率密度，从而提高外推载荷谱精度；比较应用2种分布拟合的外推载荷谱，损伤分布趋势相近，中级载荷损伤占比高，单分布外推载荷谱总损伤量为6.3×10^-4，大于混合分布外推载荷谱总损伤为5×10^-4，寿命预测偏于保守，导致耐久性设计裕度较大，应用混合分布外推能提高耐久性评估与轻量化设计精度。     

关于标准载荷时间历程和标准载荷谱的生成问题

在应用海洋结构物疲劳寿命预报统一方法时,必须要输入载荷时间历程.在用疲劳寿命预报统一方法设计某个结构时,就需要提供某种标准类型的载荷时间历程.在文献中,标准载荷时间历程或标准载荷谱(均用缩写SLH表示)已经研究了30多年.人们普遍认识到使用SLH有一系列优点,不管是对研究或是应用而言.文章先从现在已经建立的标准载荷时间历程的综述开始,然后详细给出生成标准载荷时间历程或标准载荷谱的步骤,最后提供了一个示范计算的例子.     

基于径向基神经网络的舰艇空间磁场延拓

针对目前线性化方法解决舰船空间磁场之间推算时存在的困难,论文从智能优化的角度出发,建立了舰艇空间磁场之间的径向基神经网络预报模型.该方法避免了利用线性化方法存在的诸多困难,即可实现舰艇空间磁场的换算,并利用船模实验验证了网络预测的准确性,换算精度较高,满足工程实际需求.     

车客渡船舱室噪声预报与控制

针对新设计的100 m级海峡车客渡船开展舱室噪声预报和控制研究。使用统计能量分析（SEA）软件VA One预报所有舱室的噪声,由经验公式得到喷水激励、主辅机、泵体和风机等设备的结构噪声和空气噪声,并加载间接式通风空调口振动的实测值。采用特性分析的方法讨论结构噪声和空气噪声的传播方式,结果表明,结构噪声比空气噪声传播得更远。分析不同舱室的主要噪声来源,发现船舶下层结构,即艏楼甲板以下舱室的噪声主要来自机舱内,而上层建筑舱室的主要噪声则间接来自通风空调口。对于噪声超标的舱室,采取敷设阻尼材料和吸声材料以及加装消声器的减振降噪措施。研究表明,统计能量法适用于船舶设计阶段的噪声预报和声学优化计算,所得数据可为今后100 m级实船设计提供参考依据。     

温度外推技术在汽车热平衡试验中的应用研究

为解决由于没有达到汽车道路热平衡状态而无法得出试验结果的实际问题,对温度外推方法在整车道路热平衡试验中的应用进行了研究,拟定了针对外推计算的整车热平衡试验温度稳定判据。通过对热平衡外推结果与试验结果的对比分析,表明使用温度外推方法能够验证和预测没有达到标准热平衡状态条件下的整车热平衡试验结果,并能够在准确获得试验结果的同时缩短试验时间。     

城市110KV户内变电站声场数值模拟

摘要：城市户内变压器运转时会产生噪声,严重时会影响到周围居民的正常工作和生活。文章简单阐述了变压器噪声产生和传播机理。并以南昌市某户内变电站为例,使用声振软件Va One,基于统计能量方法,对经过吸声材料处理后的户内变声场进行仿真模拟。模拟结果表明：经过添加特殊吸声材料处理后的户内变电站,在大门外,仿真数据与实测值吻合良好;在大门内、外,声压级差值仿真结果与预期效果能够符合。     

Numerical Integration with Derivatives

A new formula with derivatives for numerical integration was presented. Based on this formula and the Richardson extrapolafion process, a numerical integration method was established. It can converge faster than the Romberg＇s. With the same accuracy, the computation of the new numerical integration with derivatives is only half of that of Romberg＇s numerical integration.