变速器速比分配的一个新模型

变速器速比分配的数学模型在模拟计算整车性能的过程中起着十分重要的作用。在对现有变速器速比分配模型进行分析的基础上,提出了变速器速比间隔成等比的数学模型。由于该模型只用一个参数来描述,所以极大地简化了整车性能的模拟计算。     

车用柴油机机械损失功率分配

采用倒拖法对SOFIM8140高速车用柴油机的机械损失功率及其分配进行了试验研究。研究结果表明，摩擦损失功率约占整机机械损失功率的60.0%，其中活塞连杆组的摩擦损失功率占整个摩擦损失功率的50.0%。对该型柴油机的机械损失功率进行了预测，为柴油机的进一步强化提供了依据。     

波浪中螺旋桨推力变化的近似计算

螺旋桨在波浪中随船运动是前进、旋转和振荡三者的结合。本文近似计算波浪中桨流体动力性能相对于静水中性能的变化,将波浪中螺旋桨运动分解为旋转兴波和振荡兴波两部分线性迭加。利用Ｇｒｅｅｎ函数法,求解其兴波问题,给出桨推力的变化值。编制程序进行了系列数值计算。结果表明,波浪中螺旋桨推力系数变化值随桨轴浸深、桨升沉振荡频率和幅值而变化。     

链形悬挂系统静态弹性的解析计算

在悬索模型的基础上,通过将集中载荷替换成分布载荷在算法中引入接触线和承力索的抗弯刚度2个参数,通过提出拉出值等效吊弦分布的概念在算法中计算接触线拉出值对悬挂系统静态弹性的影响,给出简单链型悬挂系统和弹性链型悬挂系统的静态弹性的解析形式计算方法,分析接触网系统设计参数对静态弹性的影响。采用实际检测数据进行仿真计算,并将计算结果与实测数据进行比较。研究结果表明:解析形式计算方法能够有效仿真接触网系统各设计参数对链型悬挂系统静态弹性的影响;增大接触线和承力索的张力和抗弯刚度,以及减小跨距会减小链型悬挂系统的静态弹性;接触线拉出值与吊弦分布对链型悬挂系统静态弹性的影响比较复杂。     

基于最大利润的中小城市公交线路长度模型研究

公交线路长度指标在规范中没有具体的规定,而一般经验值并不适用于国内大多数中小城市,本文通过基于公交效益比的分析计算出适合中小城市的公交线路长度,使公交运营在保证快速地均衡地输送乘客的情况下获得最大利润,并为中小城市公交规划提供一定的依据.     

一种新型减摇装置的试验与分析

文章提出了一种新型船舶减摇装置－推力鳍,以解决提高船舶在全航速下的减摇能力问题,并研究了鳍浆组合体的结构形式,不同情况下的升、阻力特性;最后依据试验数据分析了船舶在低航速下的减摇能力。     

A distribution-fitting-free approach to calculating travel time reliability ratio

Empirical studies have revealed that travel time variability (TTV) can significantly affect travelers’ behaviors and planners’ cost-benefit assessment of transportation projects. It is therefore important to systematically quantify the value of TTV (VTTV) and its impact. Recently, Fosgerau’s valuation method makes this quantification possible by converting the value of travel time (VTT) and the VTTV into monetary unit. Travel time reliability ratio (TTRR), defined as a ratio of the VTTV to the VTT, is a key parameter in Fosgerau’s valuation method. Calculating TTRR involves an integral of the inverse cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the standardized travel time distribution (STTD), i.e., the mean lateness factor. Using a well-fitted STTD is a straightforward way to calculate TTRR. However, it will encounter the following challenges: (1) determination of a well-fitted STTD; (2) non-existence of an algebraic expression for the CDF and its inverse CDF; and (3) lack of a closed-form expression to efficiently calculate TTRR. To circumvent the above issues, this paper proposes a distribution-fitting-free analytical approach based on the Cornish-Fisher expansion as an alternative way to calculate TTRR without the need to fit the whole CDF. The validity domain is rigorously derived for guaranteeing the accuracy of the proposed method. Realistic travel time datasets that cover 17 links are used to systematically explore the feature and accuracy of the proposed method in estimating TTRR. The comparative results demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently and effectively estimate TTRR. When travel time datasets satisfy the validity domain, the proposed method outperforms the distribution fitting method in estimating TTRR.     

An integrated modelling approach for the bicriterion vehicle routing and scheduling problem with environmental considerations

The consideration of pollution in routing decisions gives rise to a new routing framework where measures of the environmental implications are traded off with business performance measures. To address this type of routing decisions, we formulate and solve a bi-objective time, load and path-dependent vehicle routing problem with time windows (BTL-VRPTW). The proposed formulation incorporates a travel time model representing realistically time varying traffic conditions. A key feature of the problem under consideration is the need to address simultaneously routing and path finding decisions. To cope with the computational burden arising from this property of the problem we propose a network reduction approach. Computational tests on the effect of the network reduction approach on determining non-dominated solutions are reported. A generic solution framework is proposed to address the BTL-VRPTW. The proposed framework combines any technique that creates capacity-feasible routes with a routing and scheduling method that aims to convert the identified routes to problem solutions. We show that transforming a set of routes to BTL-VRPTW solutions is equivalent to solving a bi-objective time dependent shortest path problem on a specially structured graph. We propose a backward label setting technique to solve the emerging problem that takes advantage of the special structure of the graph. The proposed generic solution framework is implemented by integrating the routing and scheduling method into an Ant Colony System algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm was assessed on the basis of its capability to determine minimum travel time and fuel consumption solutions. Although the computational results are encouraging, there is ample room for future research in algorithmic advances on addressing the proposed problem.     

Benthic assemblages of a temperate estuarine system in South America: Transition from a freshwater to an estuarine zone

The objectives of the present study were to describe the species composition, diversity and distribution of the zoobenthic assemblages, to estimate the abundance and biomass of the dominant species, and to identify the main environmental factors determining the distribution patterns of the invertebrates from a freshwater to an estuarine zone in a temperate estuary of South America. The Río de la Plata estuary is a microtidal system characterized by a high concentration of suspended solids. Fifty-three taxa of meso- and macro-invertebrates were identified in the samples collected during November and December 2001. Molluscs, annelids, crustaceans and nematodes were found at 90% of the sampling sites. Molluscs comprised up to about 90% of the total zoobenthos biomass: the remaining percentage corresponded mainly to annelids and less to nematodes and crustaceans. An ecocline along the salinity gradient could be observed for the benthic assemblages from the freshwater to the estuarine zone in Rio de la Plata. A Canonical Correspondence Analysis shows that results from sampling sites in the outer zone were strongly related to salinity, depth and pH and less to oxygen and percentage of clay. The results from stations in the inner zone, and part of the middle zone, were mainly related to the occurrence of sand and contents of NH₄⁺–N, NO₃⁻–N, and PO₄³⁻–P.     

Distributed and Redundant Design of Ship Monitoring and Control Network

The world trend in ship automation is to integrate the monitoring, intelligent control and systematic management of the instruments and equipments both on bridge and in engine room. The paper presents a design scheme of the ship integrated monitoring and operating system based on two layers distributed and redundant computer network. The lower layer network is the field bus network connected mainly by CAN bus; the upper one is the PC local network in TCP/IP protocol, which consisted of a database server, monitoring and operating computers, industrial computers and a set of switches. Distributed schemes are fully applied to both software and hardware. This paper specifically describes the composition, software distribution and redundant technology of the upper local network and gives some important sample codes for the implement of the redundant and distributed design. The technologies here have been proved in the many applications and it may be applied to other industrial fields.