利用公交通行能力解决公交问题的探讨

分析我国公交的发展,指出在我国发展公交的道路上缺乏对公交通行能力这一重要指标的思考,提出研究公交通行能力来解决我国公交运营中存在的问题,并建立公交(包括公交车辆和公交乘客)通行能力模型。然后以北京中关村大街的公交专用道为实例,从公交通行能力方面分析该段道路公交车拥堵、混乱产生的原因,然后根据实际情况提出解决措施。     

灌注混凝土桩施工方法及工艺的探讨

通过对钻孔灌注桩与沉入桩的对比分析,得出了钻孔灌注桩的优点,并且详细介绍了钻孔灌注桩的施工工艺和方法,总结了提高灌注混凝土桩承载力的方法和灌注桩的检测手段及一般事故处理方法,以供今后类似工程实践参考.     

大直径钢管桩承载力恢复过程试验研究

针对目前预制桩承载力恢复特性研究与工程应用中的不足,依托西非某海工工程,提出高应变法。采用对同一钢管桩进行初打与不同休止时间复打相结合的试验方法,研究了大直径钢管桩沉桩后的承载力恢复过程。结合地质情况、沉桩与试验结果,得到了钢管桩承载力、侧阻力及端阻力随时间变化的一般规律及影响因素,并通过静载试验对研究结果进行了验证。该研究在提高项目施工效率、降低成本的同时,还得到了有意义的规律与结论,可为后续类似项目提供参考。     

长江航道承载力概念研究

以国家号召发展长江航道为背景,在生态航道建设的基础上,首次提出以满足生态效益需求为核心,兼顾经济社会发展、长江水资源综合利用等多种目标,实现长江航道建设可持续发展的长江航道承载力概念。借鉴资源承载力理论体系,运用系统理论、协同理论等理论对航道承载力系统的结构关系进行分析,并提出航道承载力的定义、内涵、特征及航道承载力发展机制。     

Aggregating mobile object trajectories: cumulative time geographic density estimation for GPS data

We present new approaches that expand upon the time geographic density estimation (TGDE) framework previously employed to estimate potential path trees. In the past, TGDE metrics have identified possible locations an individual moving object may have passed between, given known origin and destination points. This paper utilizes a new form of TGDE to investigate taxicab GPS traces over a specified time horizon with position ‘gaps’. To this end, we propose a new extension to the TGDE framework, TGDE-C, which is used to determine the cumulative TGDE values for a group of GPS traces, at a given location. These metrics are applied to multiple taxis and allow for time of day analysis. Additionally, we combine these new extensions with existing TGDE metrics that allow us to determine how accessible individual or groups of vehicles are to urban opportunities.     

Autonomous cars: The tension between occupant experience and intersection capacity

Systems that enable high levels of vehicle-automation are now beginning to enter the commercial marketplace. Road vehicles capable of operating independently of real-time human control under an increasing set of circumstances will likely become more widely available in the near future. Such vehicles are expected to bring a variety of benefits. Two such anticipated advantages (relative to human-driver vehicle control) are said to be increased road network capacity and the freeing up of the driver-occupant’s time to engage in their choice of leisurely or economically-productive (non-driving) tasks.In this study we investigate the implications for intersection capacity and level-of-service of providing occupants of automated (without real-time human control), autonomously-operating (without vehicle-to-X communication) cars with ride quality that is equivalent (in terms of maximum rates of longitudinal and lateral acceleration) to two types of rail systems: [urban] light rail transit and [inter-urban] high-speed rail. The literature suggests that car passengers start experiencing discomfort at lower rates of acceleration than car drivers; it is therefore plausible that occupants of an autonomously-operating vehicle may wish to instruct their vehicle to maneuver in a way that provides them greater ride comfort than if the vehicle-control algorithm simply mimicked human-driving-operation.On the basis of traffic microsimulation analysis, we found that restricting the dynamics of autonomous cars to the acceleration/deceleration characteristics of both rail systems leads to reductions in a signalized intersection’s vehicle-processing capacity and increases in delay. The impacts were found to be larger when constraining the autonomous cars’ dynamics to the more-restrictive acceleration/deceleration profile of high-speed rail. The scenarios we analyzed must be viewed as boundary conditions, because autonomous cars’ dynamics were by definition never allowed to exceed the acceleration/deceleration constraints of the rail systems. Appropriate evidence regarding motorists’ preferences does not exist at present; establishing these preferences is an important item for the future research agenda.This paper concludes with a brief discussion of research needs to advance this line of inquiry.     

相继增压系统对改善船用直列八缸发动机性能的试验研究

随着大型柴油发动机经济性和排放要求的不断提升,以及对发动机稳态、瞬态特性要求的不断提高,传统的涡轮增压系统已无法满足船用发动机全工况性能的要求。为了提高产品竞争力和适配性,针对某8缸直列船用柴油发动机开发了带有定压排气管的相继增压系统,并进行了发动机台架试验研究。结果表明：发动机中、低转速时,相继增压系统使发动机比油耗可以下降5%-10%,排气温度降低30%-45%,烟度下降55%-60%；最大扭矩可以提升15.1%-36.4%；发动机最大扭矩转速工况突加突卸响应性提升约28%-29%；相继增压系统中定压排气管的设计使得发动机高工况性能也有所提升,从而实现发动机全工况性能的提升。     

Development and calibration of a long-distance passenger traffic assignment model

This paper studies the assignment of long-distance passenger traffic on a highway corridor network. First, we propose a traditional model for the long-distance traffic assignment considering interactions with local commuter traffic. It addresses the effect of local networks on highway corridors. An iterative algorithm is developed to solve for the exact solution. Then, to address the potential computational issues that arise therein, a decomposition method is proposed by introducing a new concept of corridor elasticity. An assignment procedure for long-distance passenger traffic is developed accordingly. Numerical tests show that the proposed decomposition method makes significant improvements in computational performance at a small loss of optimality. This decomposition method well approximates the exact assignment from the traditional formulation, especially when the highway corridors are near-saturation. The proposed decomposition method appears practical for application.     

Travel time estimation from sparse floating car data with consistent path inference: A fixed point approach

Estimation of urban network link travel times from sparse floating car data (FCD) usually needs pre-processing, mainly map-matching and path inference for finding the most likely vehicle paths that are consistent with reported locations. Path inference requires a priori assumptions about link travel times; using unrealistic initial link travel times can bias the travel time estimation and subsequent identification of shortest paths. Thus, the combination of path inference and travel time estimation is a joint problem. This paper investigates the sensitivity of estimated travel times, and proposes a fixed point formulation of the simultaneous path inference and travel time estimation problem. The methodology is applied in a case study to estimate travel times from taxi FCD in Stockholm, Sweden. The results show that standard fixed point iterations converge quickly to a solution where input and output travel times are consistent. The solution is robust under different initial travel times assumptions and data sizes. Validation against actual path travel time measurements from the Google API and an instrumented vehicle deployed for this purpose shows that the fixed point algorithm improves shortest path finding. The results highlight the importance of the joint solution of the path inference and travel time estimation problem, in particular for accurate path finding and route optimization.     

Estimation of origin-destination matrices from link counts and sporadic routing data

Estimation of origin-destination (OD) matrices from link count data is a challenging problem because of the highly indeterminate relationship between the observations and the latent route flows. Conversely, estimation is straightforward if we observe the path taken by each vehicle. We consider an intermediate problem of increasing practical importance, in which link count data is supplemented by routing information for a fraction of vehicles on the network. We develop a statistical model for these combined data sources and derive some tractable normal approximations thereof. We examine likelihood-based inference for these normal models under the assumption that the probability of vehicle tracking is known. We show that the likelihood theory can be non-standard because of boundary effects, and provide conditions under which such irregular behaviour will be observed in practice. For regular cases we outline connections with existing generalised least squares methods. We then consider estimation of OD matrices under estimated and/or misspecified models for the probability of vehicle tracking. Theoretical developments are complemented by simulation experiments and an illustrative example using a section of road network from the English city of Leicester.