船舶在长江浅区的操控研究

文章依据操纵理论和航行实践中的大量数据，采用归纳统计、数据拟合等方法，建立起能避免或减小浅区效应的数学模型，然后运用数学模型，以炜伦1号轮为例，定量研究航船在长江浅区的操控课题。     

乌江银盘水运枢纽最大通航流量

乌江银盘水运枢纽工程水头高36.5 m,由现行规范洪水频率法确定出的山区河流通航建筑物的最大通航流量标准过高。通过对洪水频率法的讨论及对山区河流通航建筑物最大通航流量确定方法的探讨,采用通航历时保证率法确定乌江银盘枢纽最大通航流量,得出的最大通航流量经济上合理,技术上可行。     

Application of a validated primary production model (BLOOM) as a screening tool for marine, coastal and transitional waters

In order to manage aquatic systems, it is necessary to apply methods relating the environmental variables and system-state parameters with external factors that affect the system. External factors can be natural (i.e. the movement of water) or partly-anthropogenic (i.e. nutrient loads). In addition to the national authorities, who have been implementing environmental policies for several decades, the EU is presently implementing the Water Framework Directive (WFD) aimed at establishing a new set of standards for the ecological and water quality of water systems. Among these are the phytoplankton biomass and composition. Phytoplankton affects turbidity, oxygen depletion, total productivity of the system and the occurrence of (harmful) algal blooms. A range of methods is available to relate phytoplankton to the controlling environmental conditions. Among these are statistical relations for instance of the Vollenweider type as well as deterministic simulation models. At the end of the 1970s, a generic deterministic phytoplankton module called BLOOM was developed, which has since been applied to a wide range of fresh water and marine systems. Here we test the applicability of this model as a screening tool for coastal waters. We conclude that the model is able to reproduce observed chlorophyll levels adequately under a wide range of conditions. Subsequently the model is applied to demonstrate the potential impacts of reductions in nitrogen, phosphorus or both nutrients simultaneously. Depending on which factors are initially controlling, the impacts of these reductions vary considerably both between locations and during the season. While this type of application lacks explicit relations between nutrient concentrations and external loadings, it does consider a number of relevant conditions in a consistent way and requires remarkably little data and effort. It is therefore a valuable screening tool.     

智能交通系统中的地图匹配定位方法

介绍了地图匹配的基本概念。为构建导航型数字地图数据库,基于弧线、节点和索引文件建立了数字地图面向弧线的数据库结构。在分析了基于面向弧线数据结构的地图匹配方法基础上,结合距离、方向和连通性要素给出了地图匹配可信度的定义,并对地图匹配的流程进行了分析和仿真。     

Should chemical tankers' tank cleaning waters be banned from discharging into the sea?

Entering of chemical substances into aquatic environment occurs either by involuntary accidents or discharging of chemical wastes resulting from tank washing operations of tankers carrying chemicals. MARPOL 73/78 Convention strict regulations on discharging of chemical residues left in their tanks to the sea, but permits the discharging of such residues provided certain conditions are met. In the present study; the period from 1996 to 2016 is examined and the number of new tankers participating in the chemical tanker fleet and the distribution of these tankers according to dwt tonnage is shown. The tanker fleet which consisted of 1.882 ships in 1966 reached 3.923 units in 2016. Accordingly, the volume of chemical merchandise carried by sea was 132 million tons in 1996, but it reached 287 million tons in 2016. According to the order books, it is understood that these figures will increase even more. The increase in the number of tankers and the growth of the capacities means that more chemical substances are transported at the same time and the tonnage of the chemical waste discharged to the sea is also on increase. Based on the scientific background which proves that chemicals cause biological accumulation and acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic life, and the results of chemical tanker development over the last 20 years that has been presented; It is necessary for maritime authorities to reconsider the legal arrangements for allowing chemical tankers to discharge chemical wastes from tank washing waters to the sea.     

中国海事水上巡航现状及发展趋势

对中国法律法规对中国海事水上巡航的要求以及中国海事水上巡航的现状和巡航模式作较全面的总结和分析,剖析存在的主要不足,综合考虑发展需求,指出中国海事水上巡航的发展趋势并提出相关建议。     

对确定航道设计最低通航水位中河段划分标准的设想

从径、潮动力作用结合日水位变幅对通航标准的影响出发,确立河段特性对样本标准的要求,提出将河段类型划分为三类的设想。     

船舶在狭窄水域下水应对措施

滩涂造船因投资少、见效快,发展速度较快,但存在着较大的安全隐患。如在船舶下水过程中缺少科学知识,措施不力,极易造成船舶下水事故。针对这一情况,本文对下水过程运动状况、特点作了分析,只要利用有用力,控制不利力,才能避免船舶下水事故的发生。     

四川主要山区河流设计最高通航水位标准探讨

山区天然河流的洪水期水位暴涨暴落、洪峰历时较短,针对海事部门划定的禁航水位（或禁航流量）一般低于国标的要求水位,可以适当降低通航建筑物最高通航水位以节省工程投资,需要探寻山区性河流设计最高通航水位的合适标准。选择四川省内7个和重庆市内4个水文站的水文资料进行计算分析,结果表明：将频率法直接改为保证率法难以控制水位降幅,适当降低洪水重现期标准是可行与合适的。     

长江上游河道剖面分维数与通航水力要素的关系*

通过对向家坝坝下宜宾—朱沱河段建立一维及二维非恒定-分形数学模型,研究该河段及局部滩段水流条件,利用累计和变维分形方法,得到河道纵剖面河流长度分形维数和河道横剖面河流宽度分形维数。在此基础上,探讨了河道纵剖面分维数和河道横剖面分维数与通航水力指标的响应关系。研究结果表明：1）在宜宾—朱沱河段中,随着河道纵剖面分维数的减小,横剖面分维数逐渐变小。2）在满足最低通航流量要求情况下,宜宾—泸州段的纵剖面分维数的取值范围为-1.297～-1.049,泸州—朱沱段的纵剖面分维数的取值范围为-1.305～-1.032。3）在宜宾—朱沱河段中,某一流量下横剖面分维数值反映的是某断面的地形与该级流量的相关度,而滩段横剖面分维数反映的是全河段地形与流量过程的相关度。