渡运水域船舶航行安全隐患的思考及预防对策

文中从航经渡运水域的船舶角度出发,着重对船舶航经渡运水域的安全隐患进行分析,并提出相应的预防对策,供有关方面人士参考.     

三峡库区急流滩代表船舶自航上滩水力指标研究

三峡水库蓄水以后,库区航道通航条件大为改善,对上游经济发展具有重要的促进作用。但在汛期库尾洪水急流滩,由于水流较急通航能力受限,遏制了库区通航能力全面提升。针对3000吨级代表船舶在库尾洪水急流滩自航上滩的实测资料,结合川江水力指标理论研究方法,确定了三峡库区洪水急流滩河段3000吨级船舶自航上滩的水力指标。为库尾洪水急流滩的规划、设计及整治提供理论依据。     

三峡库区桥区河段船舶运动模型与仿真研究

三峡成库后,库区在建跨河桥梁日渐增多,为避免或减少船桥碰撞事故,从船舶驾驶与避碰的角度,以石忠高速公路忠县长江大桥为研究对象,运用船舶操纵理论,建立船舶在桥区水域受风、流影响偏航数学模型,并通过仿真技术模拟船舶在桥区河段运动航迹,显示船舶通过大桥上下行三维视景,为研究三峡库区跨河桥梁主动防撞提供理论依据。     

导航电子地图中路口的交通矩阵与路束模型

导航电子地图是车载导航系统的基础.其蛛式模型使用交通矩阵对路口的交通属性进行描述,适用于车辆导航.为将电子地图数据用于车载导航系统,提出一种路口交通矩阵的计算方法.在通用GIS模型的基础上建立一种新的路束模型以反映路口的类型特征,并通过路束交通矩阵实现路口交通属性的描述.基于路束模型创建了一套蛛式路口交通矩阵的计算方法.实验表明该方法可以方便的用于路口交通矩阵计算,为驾驶者提供准确的路口引导信息,适用于车辆导航.     

基于船模的木京扩建船闸通航水流条件试验研究

针对木京枢纽扩建船闸通航条件较为复杂的问题,对其上、下游引航道推荐方案的通航安全性进行试验论证研究。在水工模型试验的基础上,利用自航小尺度船模技术,观测分析船闸上、下游引航道在不同流量下的舵角、航速等通航参数。结果表明,在Q≥3 900 m~3/s时,上、下游引航道均有通航参数超过相应限值,难以保障通航安全。上、下游引航道的航行难点分别在于横流较大的转弯段和导墙末端,且均表现为进闸难度大于出闸难度。综合试验成果进行定量和定性分析,提出船闸最高限制通航流量为3 000 m~3/s,为工程优化设计及后期运行提供了科学可靠的数据基础。     

长江中下游设计最低通航水位变化分析

用综合历时曲线法,利用1981—2002年水文资料,计算了长江中下游部分水文站不同保证率时的设计水位,结合影响枯水位变化的因素,比较分析了保证率为98%的设计水位计算结果与上世纪70年代和80年代计算值的差别及其变化过程。结果表明,长江中下游河床形态、水流条件发生了较大变化,设计水位也随之有一定幅度的升降。     

长江南京以下深水航道设计最低通航水位初析

长江南京以下深水航道地处感潮河段,如何计算设计最低通航水位是航道建设技术论证的首要工作。通过初步论证分析,得到一些基本认识：对于南京以下河段,现行航道水深起算基面不能视同为设计最低通航水位、不宜轻易调整航道水深起算基面、设计最低通航水位宜统一采用海港方法计算并根据水文条件变化作必要调整、个别河段航道设计水深需大于12.5 m。     

涪江富金坝枢纽船模通航试验研究

鉴于富金坝电航工程发电厂和通航船闸及上下游引航道利用露水垭垭口布置，通航条件较为复杂，因此在初步设计阶段．通过船模试验进一步论证枢纽船闸的通航条件，检验船舶进出船闸的可靠性。根据船模试验最高安全限值的要求，结合有关水流条件和船模通航试验研究，对试验成果进行分析，提出最佳航线、驾驶方式和航行难点，并最终给出推荐方案及建议。     

Mortality through ontogeny of soft-bottom marine invertebrates with planktonic larvae

The present survey covers one spawning season of marine benthic invertebrates in a large geographical area, the inner Danish waters, and includes a wide range of habitats with steep salinity and nutrient load gradients. The loss ratios of soft-bottom marine invertebrates from one development stage to the next is calculated based on average abundances of pelagic larvae, benthic post-larvae and adults of Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polychaeta and Echinodermata, with planktonic development. This gives a rough estimate of the larval and post-larval mortality. Loss ratios between post-larvae stage and adult stage (post-larval mortality) varies from 3:1 to 7:1 (71.2–84.9%) and loss ratios between larvae and post-larvae (larval mortality) and between larvae and adult, ranging from 7:1 to 42:1 (85.2–97.6%) and from 45:1 to 210:1 (97.8–99.5%), respectively. The results show a remarkable unity in loss ratios (mortality) between the mollusc taxa (Bivalvia and Gastropoda) at the phylum/class level. This similarity in loss ratios among the mollusc taxa exhibiting the same developmental pathways suggests that the mortality is governed by the same biotic and abiotic factors. Larval mortality is estimated to range from 0.10 d^− 1 to 0.32 d^− 1 for Bivalvia and ranging from 0.09 d^− 1 to 0.23 d^− 1 for Polychaeta. The species loss ratios combined with specific knowledge of the reproduction cycles give estimated loss ratios (mortality) between the post-larvae and the adult stage of 25:1 and 14:1 for the bivalves Abra spp. and Mysella bidentata. For the polychaete Pygospio elegans the loss ratio (larval mortality) between the larvae and the post-larval stage is 154:1 and between the post-larvae and the adult stage 41:1. For Pholoe inornata the loss ratio between post-larvae and adults is 7:1. The present results confirm that the larval stage, metamorphosis and settlement are the critical phase in terms of mortality in the life cycle for Bivalvia. Assuming steady state based on actual measurements of pelagic larval densities an estimated input to the water column of pelagic bivalve larvae is ranging from 10,930 to 17,157 larvae m^− 2 d^− 1 and for Polychaeta between 2544 and 3994 larvae m^− 2 d^− 1. These estimates seem to correspond to the reproductive capacity of the observed adult densities using life-table values from the literature.The potential settlement of post-larvae is 43 post-larvae m^− 2 d^− 1 for Bivalvia and 56 post-larvae m^− 2 d^− 1 for Polychaeta. The adult turnover time for Bivalvia is estimated to be 1.5 years and 2.1 years for Polychaeta. This exemplifies that species with short generation times may dominate in very dynamic transitional zones with a high frequency of catastrophic events like the frequent incidents of hypoxia in the inner Danish waters.     

浅析长江干线桥区水域安全管理

桥区水域,因其通航环境的特殊性、复杂性,被各海事机构作为安全管理的重点,尽管如此,仍然是事故易发或多发地。2007年“6·15”广东九江大桥事故产生的严重后果,给桥区安全管理敲响了警钟。文中结合实际工作针对长江干线桥区水域安全存在的问题进行了分析,提出了相应的安全对策和桥区安全管理重点的建议。