Seasonal and inter-annual variations in the surface freshwater flux in the Mediterranean Sea from the ECMWF re-analysis project

Seasonal and inter-annual variations in surface freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea are examined. Evaporation and precipitation rates are estimated from ERA15, the re-analysis project carried out at the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1979–1993. A seasonal cycle of river runoff is computed from a recent historical data set. The climatological mean for precipitation (326 mm/yr) is comparable to previous estimates, whereas that for evaporation (920 mm/yr) is low compared to other independent estimates, but regions of high and low evaporation rates are correctly located. The budget reveals an annual mean freshwater deficit in the Mediterranean of 480 mm/yr, lower than previous estimates because of the lower evaporation rate estimated by ECMWF. Consequently, the flows through the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily, deduced from the freshwater budget, are found to be slightly low.Seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of ERA15 precipitation are consistent with those deduced from independent precipitation estimates obtained with SSM/I observations for the 1988–1993 period. ECMWF and satellite estimates both agree on the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The seasonal cycle of the river runoff has a globally small contribution to the freshwater budget, but is significant in summer when the precipitation is nearly null. The variability of the freshwater flux for the Mediterranean as a whole shows a strong seasonal cycle (amplitude of 50 mm/month), which seems to be mainly controlled by evaporation. The inter-annual variability of the freshwater flux, however, appears to be governed mainly by precipitation. Its amplitude, which is of the order of 50 mm/yr on average but may reach nearly 150 mm/yr for a particular year, is considered to be large but nevertheless not sufficient to explain differences observed in the estimates of the climatological mean freshwater flux proposed by various authors. The freshwater deficit in the Mediterranean Sea has globally increased by nearly 50 mm, mainly because of a decrease in precipitation over this 15-yr period.     

含水率对全风化红砂岩地层隧道围岩变形影响研究

全风化红砂岩胶结程度极差,水敏感性高,遇水易软化崩解,隧道开挖过程中极易产生大变形,探究含水率对该地层隧道施工影响极有必要。以蒙华铁路阳城隧道为依托,通过现场试验、室内试验及数值模拟对全风化红砂岩隧道在不同含水率下的变形特征进行研究,并针对性提出加密降水措施。研究结果发现:全风化红砂岩存在最优含水率,当围岩含水率在12.74%左右时,围岩岩性较好;数值模拟显示围岩处于最优含水率时,围岩变形最小。由天然含水率加密降水至最优含水率附近可有效减少围岩变形量,降低幅度可达40%～50%;现场采取加密降水后能有效控制围岩变形,实测值与数值模拟值拟合较好,最大偏差10%左右,证实数值模拟有相当可靠度。     

京张高速铁路明挖隧道基坑降水设计

针对京张高速铁路东花园隧道明挖基坑降水设计,通过勘察报告和现场降水试验得到降水区域水文地质参数,基于相关参数计算基坑涌水量,进而设计降水井数量、种类和深度。介绍了明挖隧道基坑自动化管井降水监测与分析管理系统,其可降低人工成本,实时监控并有效指导施工管理。经工程实践证明,明挖隧道基坑降水设计方案是可行有效的,能为类似明挖隧道基坑降水设计提供借鉴。     

晋祠隧道降水施工技术及沉降结果分析

结合太原晋祠隧道主体明挖基坑标准段深13 m,地质上层为杂填土和黄土状土、下层为砂层、砂层自稳性差,基坑施工时确保围护结构自稳性是难点的实际情况,介绍了降水井和基坑围护施工工艺,并对降水井设计、施工和地面沉降结果进行了详细阐述,对类似工程具有借鉴意义。     

序批式中和沉淀法处理钛生产含铬废水研究

氯化法海绵钛生产过程中会产生大量的含重金属离子的酸性废水,含有大量的重金属氯化物,主要污染物为Cr(Ⅲ)和Mn(Ⅱ),应当调节pH值至Cr3+沉淀完全,将含铬废水单独处理。采用传统工艺投加石灰乳后沉淀[1],会产生大量的含铬废渣难于处置。本研究通过实验室研究和工程实践,开发了一种序批式的中和沉淀法,可以实现连续准确控制pH值,使铬渣控制在最少量。     

大型深基坑盆式开挖深井降水法应用研究

广州南沙2个干船坞软土基坑面积大、开挖深,该软土地基已经过真空预压处理,淤泥层厚且水平向渗透性极 差。鉴于地基土体中残留有经真空预压处理后的排水板,为含水层中地下水在竖向渗流提供了良好通道,结合地质条件、 通过理论推算并开展了深井降水试验研究,最后选用深井井点降水设计方案。实践证明干开挖施工安全、高效,深井降水 法适用、合理。该成果可为类似项目的降水工程提供一定的指导作用,并可为JTS 147-1—2010《港口工程地基规范》修订 提供实践依据。     

磷酸铵镁技术中不同沉淀剂脱氮除磷效果比较

探讨了磷酸铵镁法中不同沉淀剂的脱氮除磷效果,比较了氨氮去除率、磷酸盐去除率、残氮量、残磷量,沉淀物质质量和组成,处理液的电导率。综合考虑了各方面因素得出处理高浓度氨氮废水的较佳的沉淀剂为Na3PO.412H2O+MgCl2.6H2O和Na3PO4.12H2O+MgSO4.7H2O,处理高浓度磷酸盐废水的较佳的沉淀剂为NH4Cl+MgCl2.6H2O和NH4Cl+MgSO.47H2O.并对磷酸铵镁沉淀进行了X-衍射光谱和扫描电镜表征。     

胶新铁路施工期路堤水土流失特征

为探讨铁路路堤坡面水土流失特征，对施工期胶新铁路一段路堤进行了天然降雨现场观测，结果表明：路堤坡面的水土流失形式在特大暴雨时表现为浅沟侵蚀，但不影响路堤表面的稳定性；路堤坡面产生水土流失需要一定的雨量和雨强条件，雨强是引起坡面产流的关键因素；路堤通过改变沿线原来的径流途径引起二次水土流失，即通过路堤的渗流冲刷下游农田，及时修建导流排水沟可以预防二次水土流失。