Seabed scene simulation and its realization in extending Vega

Realistic simulation of underwater scene is always difficult because of the special and complex vision effects in underwater space. Seabed is an important part of underwater environment. This paper describes the methods for seabed scene simulation based on OpenGL. It includes construction of fluetuant terrain based on the random sinusoidal algorithm, simulation of seabed flicker effect by means of circular texture mapping and generation of turbidity effect by using fog techniques. For the application based on the leading high level 3D development environment-Vega, underwater scene simulation is still a difficulty since there is no module for it. Based on the analysis of Vega software and the research on seabed scene simulation methods, a Vega extending module named “Underwater Space” was created through developing module class and extending lynx interface. The module class was designed through developing DLL written in C . The Lynx was extended through developing keyword configure file, GUI configure file and lynx plug-in DLL. The problem that Vega can‘t simulate underwater space, is elementarily resolved. The results show that this module is efficient, easy using, and the seabed scene images am vivid.     

时间多项式进化算法在旅行商问题中的研究

提出了一种模拟生物遗传的进化算法，并将该算法应用于旅行商问题得到了较好的结果，根据达尔文进化论的优化过程，结合自然选择原则提出了启发式算法，该算法的时间复杂性与快速排序策略相当。在文中利用该算法求解中国旅行商问题得到目前的最佳结果。     

The effect of the competition between cars and trucks on the evolution of the motorway transport system

Motorways, which were devised at the beginning of their history as dedicated roads intended to be traveled by cars only, are at present also traveled by considerable flows of trucks. This fact has deeply changed the motorway transport system with respect to its original conception, owing to the interactions between two categories of vehicles whose characteristics are very different. These interactions greatly increase the transport cost perceived by car drivers with respect to truck drivers. This paper studies the consequences of this cost asymmetry on the evolution of the transport system when the geometric characteristics of a motorway remain unchanged in time, while transport demand increases. By using a theoretical model of competition between cars and trucks, it is shown that, if both the geometric characteristics of a motorway and the increase rate of the activities that feed the transport demand remain unchanged over time, the competition between cars and trucks, as well as the fact that in general passengers have better transport alternatives than freight, make the increase rate of truck traffic greater than that of cars, causing a progressive increase in the proportion of trucks in the time periods in which a motorway is traveled by both the vehicle categories. Since truck traffic on motorways, at least in Europe, is very scarce on weekends and in holiday periods, in which motorways are traveled almost only by cars, these results seem to indicate a tendency to the specialization of motorways, which are likely to be used in the future mostly by only one category of vehicles in different periods of time.     

刹车状况下桥上随机车流动态演化及车-桥耦合振动分析

为实现刹车时桥上多状态车流并行动态演化的高真实度模拟和时变汽车荷载与桥梁运动状态的时时耦合，首先从宏观和微观上丰富随机车流模拟方法，宏观上沿用交通荷载调查数据中的车辆顺序、车辆基本特性等不变量，以车辆间距为服从正态分布的限幅随机变量，形成深度融合交通荷载调查数据和交通流理论的随机车流高真实度仿真方法；微观上对车辆间距随机变量确定的关键状态-阻塞状态，引入加权速度，实现阻塞密度时车流的走走停停动态描述，采用考虑驾驶人状态的概率分布方法确定车辆时距；实现多密度随机车流的高真实度仿真。其次细化刹车过程模拟，建立车流差异化刹车模型：采用顺次对比方法，筛选桥长范围最不利刹车车流；引入停车视距，考虑驾驶人反应，区分头车和跟驰车辆，精细模拟车辆刹车动态过程和刹车车流演化过程，差异化确定各车辆刹车参数；实现桥上多状态车流并行动态演化模拟。第三建立刹车力学模型，并融入至已有正常车流的车-桥耦合系统，构建可考虑刹车状态的分析系统。最后确定桥梁典型响应和分析指标，以一座大跨斜拉桥为例，对多刹车工况下的桥梁响应进行分析。结果表明：桥上刹车状况一般会产生超过正常行驶状况下的桥梁响应，最不利单车道刹车状况下的塔根弯矩甚至达到跑车工况的2.7倍，简单采用规范冲击系数方法很难实现刹车响应的包络；刹车过程中的桥梁响应最值不仅与采取刹车的车辆数目和桥上车辆保有量有关，还受刹车作用与桥梁原响应趋势的顺逆程度控制；桥梁及桥上刹停车辆的总质量和桥上正常行驶的车辆决定桥梁响应时程曲线趋势振幅；典型桥梁响应的总体趋势，与车流密度和刹车车道数相关性较小，不同时段车流会对梁端顺桥向位移和塔根弯矩产生影响。     

长江下游江心洲水道河床演变分析及趋势预测

以现场调研和多年实测资料为基础,采用理论分析与逻辑推理相结合的方法,对长江下游江心洲水道的河床演变及趋势进行了分析和预测。结果表明:江心洲水道处于长顺直河段内,其变化符合顺直型河流河床演变的基本规律;主流摆动频繁,滩槽不稳是河床演变的主要特点;河势总体稳定并将继续维持,但由于上游水流动力轴线难以完全稳定,因而本水道目前的微弯深槽也难以长期维持现状。另外由于河道顺直,这种平面形态也难以维持滩槽的稳定。     

动力湿化作用下粗粒土高路堤渗流场时空演化模型试验

为了研究动力湿化作用下渗流水在粗粒土高路堤内的迁移特性，自主研发设计制作一种室内喷洒降雨装置及车辆动力荷载模拟装置，开展动力湿化作用下粗粒土高路堤渗流场时空演化模型试验，从时间和空间2个角度描述渗流水在路堤内的迁移特性，然后根据模型试验结果，建立粗粒土渗流场时空演化机制，揭示动力湿化作用下的粗粒土高路堤边坡渐变失稳发育机理。研究结果表明：基于相似理论，开展粗粒土高路堤渗流场时空演化模型试验可以较为真实地反映粗粒土高路堤在动力湿化作用下渗流水的迁移特性；动力湿化作用下，湿润锋首先在路堤边坡表面形成，并逐渐从边坡表面向内部拓展，在坡顶处的拓展速率较小，坡脚处的拓展速率较大；受湿润锋演变规律的影响，路堤边坡监测点负孔隙水压力逐渐减小，体积含水率逐渐增大，坡前应力逐渐增加，位于坡脚浅层区域的应力增加速度较快；依据渗流水的迁移规律，将渗流影响范围内的土体自上而下分为浅层暂态饱和区、渗流水填充区及渗流水湿润区；在动力湿化作用下，粗粒土高路堤边坡将逐渐产生沿坡脚深层滑移的渐变趋势。     

西江三滩河床演变分析

在充分分析现有的多年实测资料的基础上,对梧州—郁南河段总体演变趋势进行分析,重点对西江出浅的三滩河段从横断面变化、深泓线变化、洲滩变化等进行了较为全面的河床演变分析,初步得出了成滩的原因,并据此定性确定了三滩各滩滩性,提出了该滩段的整治思路,旨在为航道整治方案的确定提供参考。     

基于性能演变的水性环氧沥青开普封层施工方法优化

为进一步提升水性环氧沥青开普封层使用品质，针对水性环氧沥青开普封层施工现存问题，借助有机玻璃界面状态图像观测与层间剪切试验，研究了不同固化状态下碎石封层黏结性能，提出了水性环氧沥青碎石封层两阶段分步式压实方法；系统分析了微表处摊铺时机对碎石封层沥青-碎石黏附与层间黏结性能的影响程度，探究了微表处开放交通时间与交通荷载对开普封层结构强度与表面功能的影响规律，确定了水性环氧沥青微表处最佳摊铺时机与开放交通条件；最终优化了水性环氧沥青开普封层施工方法，推荐了最佳施工参数与时机。结果表明：有机玻璃界面状态图像观测方法可快速、准确评价水性环氧沥青碎石封层的黏结防水状态，其结果与宏观试验一致。两阶段分步式压实方法能够有效提高水性环氧沥青开普封层层间黏结性能，增幅达14.29%以上，具体流程为：碎石封层摊铺后，立即采用前期轻微压实工艺进行碾压1次，待碎石封层养生至表干与实干之间时，采用后期标准压实工艺再碾压1次。基于碎石封层性能演变规律，可得微表处最佳摊铺时机为：碎石封层处于表干与实干状态之间。基于开普封层性能演变规律及交通荷载影响，可得最佳开放交通条件为：微表处摊铺后常温（25℃）持续养生1~1.5 h，适度开放交通，约2 h后完全开放。研究结果可为水性环氧沥青开普封层品质管控提供科学依据与理论支持。     

基于改进的统一疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型的表面裂纹扩展规律预报

很多学者对表面裂纹形状变化规律进行了研究,但是理论上仍存在较大缺陷,因此现有方法预报结果的准确性有待考察。文章作者们提出了一个改进的统一疲劳裂纹扩展速率模型,本模型合理考虑了材料的非线性效应和裂纹前缘的三维约束效应及三维约束大小在前缘各点的分布函数。通过引入等效厚度的概念及法线方向扩展的假定较好地考虑了裂纹前缘各点对扩展之后形状比变化规律的影响,预报得到的裂纹前缘形状能够观察到明显的边界点扩展滞后现象,同时本模型预报结果与试验结果及传统模型预报结果进行了比较,证明本模型提高了表面裂纹扩展规律预报的精度。     

海水和沉积物中声传播损失的仿真分析

文章建立了水—沉积物—海底半空间的分层海底模型,通过仿真计算,比较了声波在海水和沉积物中接收时的传播损失差异。结果表明,在高声速海底的条件下,声波在沉积物中传播且频率较低时,传播损失较低,即低频声波更易于在沉积物中传播。