On the scattering of test data and the significance of the standard coefficients ‘dynamic stiffness’ and ‘loss angle’ for hydraulic engine mounts

Based on the test results, a study on the scattering of the standard coefficients c _dyn and δ within the test cycles on a standard testing machine as well as within the samples of a batch of hydraulic engine mounts is performed; furthermore, an estimate for the systematic error caused by the testing machine is given. By a simulated example, the pronounced sensitivity of the response of the engine to the scattering of c _dyn and δ as well as to even small deviations of the hysteresis curves for otherwise identical values of the standard coefficients is demonstrated. As a main result, it is found that the most important source of uncertainty is scattering within the batch, which, in conjunction with the observed sensitivity of the response of the engine, raises the question for the meaningful level of sophistication of a model for predictive purposes.     

Design of robust-stable and quadratic finite-horizon optimal controllers with low trajectory sensitivity for uncertain active suspension systems

This paper presents a design method for designing the robust-stable and quadratic-finite-horizon-optimal controllers of uncertain active suspension systems. The method integrates a robust stabilisability condition, the orthogonal functions approach (OFA) and the hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm (HTGA). Using the integrative computational method, a robust-stable and quadratic-finite-horizon-optimal controller with low-trajectory sensitivity can be obtained such that (i) the active suspension system with elemental parametric uncertainties is stabilised and (ii) a quadratic-finite-horizon-integral performance index including a quadratic trajectory sensitivity term for the nominal active suspension system is minimised. The robust stabilisability condition is proposed in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Based on the OFA, an algebraic algorithm only involving the algebraic computation is derived for solving the nominal active suspension feedback dynamic equations. By using the OFA and the LMI-based robust stabilisability condition, the dynamic optimisation problem for the robust-stable and quadratic-finite-horizon-optimal controller design of the linear uncertain active suspension system is transformed into a static-constrained-optimisation problem represented by the algebraic equations with constraint of LMI-based robust stabilisability condition; thus greatly simplifies the design problem. Then, for the static-constrained-optimisation problem, the HTGA is employed to find the robust-stable and quadratic-finite-horizon-optimal controllers of the linear uncertain active suspension systems. A design example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed integrative computational approach.     

Sensitivity of the wheel–rail contact interactions and Dang Van Fatigue Index in the rail with respect to irregularities of the track geometry

This paper investigates the effects of the track geometry irregularities on the wheel–rail dynamic interactions and the rail fatigue initiation through the application of the Dang Van criterion, that supposes an elastic shakedown of the structure. The irregularities are modelled, using experimental data, as a stochastic field which is representative of the considered railway network. The tracks thus generated are introduced as the input of a railway dynamics software to characterise the stochastic contact patch and the parameters on which it depends: contact forces and wheelset–rail relative position. A variance-based global sensitivity analysis is performed on quantities of interest representative of the dynamic behaviour of the system, with respect to the stochastic geometry irregularities and for different curve radius classes and operating conditions. The estimation of the internal stresses and the fatigue index being more time-consuming than the dynamical simulations, the sensitivity analysis is performed through a metamodel, whose input parameters are the wheel–rail relative position and velocity. The coefficient of variation of the number of fatigue cycles, when the simulations are performed with random geometry irregularities, varies between 0.13 and 0.28. In a large radius curve, the most influent irregularity is the horizontal curvature, while, in a tight curve, the gauge becomes more important.     

DOE技术在起重臂优化设计中的应用

为提高某船用起重机起重臂结构刚度,减小其最大应力以及结构质量,首先对各变量进行灵敏度计算,去除对目标函数不灵敏的设计变量,以提高后续计算效率。基于DOE试验设计理论及有限元法构建优化问题的近似模型,借助拉丁采样对该近似模型拟合精度进行检验。基于遗传优化算法(GA)对该近似模型进行优化。优化结果表明:刚度提高9.4%,最大应力值减小21.4%,结构质量减轻9.3%。     

六塔斜拉桥主梁制造阶段参数敏感性研究

为揭示大跨度多塔斜拉桥主梁制造参数对其结构力学行为的影响,并确定主梁关键敏感性参数对主梁成桥线形和拉索索力的影响情况。以嘉绍跨江大桥为研究对象,基于几何控制法的基本原理,建立考虑几何非线性效应的施工全过程有限元模型,根据主梁关键制造参数的误差统计结果,对比分析主梁制造参数变化对多塔斜拉桥力学行为的影响。结果表明:主梁自重和梁长参数变化时,对主梁成桥线形和拉索索力具有较大影响;主梁夹角参数变化时,对主梁成桥线形和拉索索力影响较小,但对主梁和索塔内力影响较大;在多塔斜拉桥中,当其中某塔主梁关键参数发生变化时,不仅对该塔的结构力学行为产生影响,而且对相邻各塔的结构力学行为均有一定程度的影响。     

软岩隧道Ⅳ～Ⅵ级围岩相似材料正交试验研究

基于正交试验设计方法,将铁路隧道规范中围岩的重度、黏聚力和内摩擦角作为相似材料研究的目标参数,用黄土、石英砂、水泥、石膏和自来水为组料,较好地模拟了Ⅳ级、Ⅴ级和Ⅵ级围岩.此种相似材料具有容重低、性能稳定、易于购买、价格便宜和无毒等特点,是一种比较理想的地质力学模型相似材料.并通过试验确定了相似材料物理参数的主要影响因素并进行了敏感性分析,最终确定了不同级别围岩材料的合理配比.为软岩地区,特别是黄土地区的隧道工程中实验室模型试验研究奠定了基础.     

交叉口定周期信号控制多目标优化方法

为了克服以往采用加权组合方法将多目标优化模型转为单目标优化模型进行求解的弊端,以非饱和交叉口为研究对象建立了定周期信号控制参数的多目标优化模型,并以非支配排序遗传算法(Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II,NSGA II)为基础建立了直接求解单个交叉口交通信号多目标控制模型的相容优化方法。最后通过实例分析了延误、停车率、排队长度等常用交通信号控制目标的有效性和对控制参数的敏感性。研究结果表明:与单目标优化方法相比,多目标相容优化方法更能减少车辆在交叉口上的停车延误和排队长度;与加权组合方法相比,多目标相容优化方法能获得更优的综合交通效益。     

脱硫石膏-粉煤灰道路混凝土配制及开裂敏感性研究

利用脱硫石膏对粉煤灰活性SiO2、Al2O3激发效应,掺入脱硫石膏—粉煤灰20%～40%,其中脱硫石膏∶粉煤灰=1∶2,制备道路混凝土。通过试验研究该混凝土主要技术性能,结果表明,该混凝土施工工作性良好、28 d抗压强度均达到或大于C35、抗折强度优良,随着脱硫石膏—粉煤灰掺量增加,混凝土主要技术性能呈先增大后减小的趋势。改进的自创平板加速开裂实验结果表明,粉煤灰微骨料支撑作用及脱硫石膏微膨胀性能共同赋予混凝土优异的抗裂性,未出现肉眼可见裂纹。综合试验结果,推荐脱硫石膏—粉煤灰掺量为20%～30%。     

乘用车乘员约束系统参数灵敏度研究及优化

以汽车正面碰撞为例,以MADYMO为工具,通过正交试验设计方法,进行约束系统参数灵敏度研究,找出对假人WIC值影响较大的设计变量;通过均匀试验设计方法进行样本采集,对灵敏度较高的设计变量进行优化。优化后的假人WIC比初始值降低了11.3%,效果显著。     

浅析荷载试验校验系数

荷载试验作为新建桥梁质量评定和已建桥梁承载能力评定最直接和最有效的方法与手段,其重要的评价指标是校验系数.校验系数的计算精度直接决定了对桥梁承载状况进行评定的可靠程度.该文通过理论计算分析,并结合工程实例,解析了影响桥梁荷载试验校验系数的主要因素,并对挠度与应力的灵敏度进行了讨论.