Energy use in passenger transport in OECD countries: Changes since 1970

This paper analyzes some of the changes that took place in the structure of energy use for passenger travel in industrialized countries. Data is presented on energy use and travel activity for the four major modes of travel — automobile, bus, rail and air — for eight OECD countries: the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, West Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Norway. We use the Laspeyres and Divisia indices to analyze the causes of the change in energy use between 1970 and 1987. The total change in energy use for travel is explained by changes in domestic passenger transport volumes, the mix of modes of travel, and the energy intensities of each mode. We have found two important effects that have a fundamental impact on energy use for travel since 1970. First, shifts among modes of transport towards more energy-intensive ones and large increases in volumes of travel (measured in passenger-kilometers) increased energy use for travel in many OECD countries, often more rapidly than the overall growth in GDP. Second, energy intensities, measured in mJ/passenger-kilometer, of passenger transport fell only in a few countries between 1970 and 1987. Even though individual automobiles have become more energy-efficient, greater size, power, and weight, worsening traffic conditions in Japan and Europe, and fewer people in cars restrained or even offset efficiency improvements. Particularly notable are the increases in intensities in Japan and Germany. The most important exception to this trend was the United States, but the intensities of land-based travel remain higher there than in most other countries. These findings lead to a pessimistic outlook for future energy use for travel. After all, if little or no energy was saved during the decades of high fuel prices, what can be expected in the 1990s?     

地铁电动车辆电能的测量与分析

介绍了北京地铁在电动车辆上装电子电能表进行电能测量的情况，并对地铁电动车辆电耗统计的数据进行了分析比较，解决了北京地铁车辆耗电无准确测量手段的问题，根据技术的发展，提出了已有地铁车辆不必全装电子能表，而新型地铁车辆可装设电能计算装置的意见。     

维纶纤维砼的抗弯性能实验研究

用干式喷射工艺制成维轮纤砼板，再用金刚石锯将其锯成４ｃｍ＊４ｃｍ＊１６ｃｍ的小试块，对试块进行弯实验，观察到纤维的加入将大幅度地提高高砼的吸收能量的能力，但纤维的加入也产生了数倍至十倍于纤维体积的孔隙。     

长江下游(通申线)综合节能客轮水动力试验研究设计

长江下游(通申线)综合节能客轮“新越”号,系我所于80年代后期设计。该船的船宽吃水比为5.25,属于超浅吃水船,设计难度较大。作者采用多种方案,进行了大量的水动力试验研究,主要是线型的优化研究,经分析比较,最后采用我所开发的不对称双尾鳍船型,解决了推进、操纵、布置等一系列问题,达到了较高的快速性和节能指标。该船与70年代的优秀船型——双桨轴支架型客轮相比,船体节能效果达到25％,综合节能效果为35％。     

24000t运木散货船球首及尾部节能装置试验研究

改善船舶快速性，提高节能效果，从而提高船舶营运经济性日益受到国内外船东的关注。七○八所设计的出口船２４０００ｔ运木散货船由于船东对主尺度的限制比较苛刻，引起航速紧张，经我所船模试验研究改进后，达到并略超过了船东要求的先进技术指标，较８０年代日本建造的同类型船的每吨海里油耗降低４５％～５７％，并比１９９５年日本新建的同型船的油耗低２％～２３％。介绍该船线型优化、球首设计及前置节能导管舵球节能装置的试验结果。     

仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构的耐撞性能研究

为提高汽车吸能盒结构耐撞性,受毛竹微观结构启发,提出3种不同的仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构。建立仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构的有限元模型,通过有限元仿真对比研究仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构与传统八边形多胞薄壁结构的耐撞性。分析双菱形肋边布置方式、内层壁厚等因素对新型薄壁结构吸能特性和变形模式的影响。结果表明,与传统八边形多胞薄壁结构相比,仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构的吸能特性有了明显的提升;双菱形肋边布置方式和内外层壁厚对结构吸能特性均有一定影响;随着内层壁厚的增加,结构最大峰值力减小,但总能量吸收和比吸能减少,载荷平稳度降低。仿生双菱形肋边多胞薄壁结构能有效降低乘员在汽车正面碰撞中所受的伤害,可应用到新能源汽车吸能盒的设计开发中。     

Measuring the energy efficiency for airlines under the pressure of being included into the EU ETS

In 2008, European Union (EU) announced that from 2012, each international flight taking off and landing in EU would be given an emission permit. Therefore, the period of 2008–2012 can be regarded as a buffer period for global airlines. Although EU formally decides to exclude non‐EU airlines from the EU Emission Trading System on March 4, 2014, it is necessary to investigate the impacts of the policy on airline energy efficiency in this period. Airline energy efficiency is divided into three stages—operations stage, service stage, and sales stage—and Greenhouse gas emission is treated as an undesirable output of service stage. Two models, network range‐adjusted measure model with weak disposability and network range‐adjusted measure model with strong disposability, are established to evaluate the efficiencies of 22 international airlines from 2008 to 2012. The results show that (i) most airlines' efficiencies have decreased in the period, and the EU Emission Trading System is not effective for the efficiency improvement; (ii) the average efficiency of European airlines is almost the same as that of non‐European airlines; and (iii) the model with weak disposability is more reasonable in distinguishing efficiency differences, while strong disposability is a more reasonable way in treating undesirable outputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于文物热安全度的文物保护环境控制研究

合理有效地控制文物保存环境是文物保护最基本和最重要的工作。规范里对文物保护环境的温度控制仅从环境温度方面着手,而该参数并不能真正反映文物的温度状态,以此为文物保护环境控制的依据存在缺陷,基于此,本文提出了一个全新的概念——文物热安全度,它综合了温度、湿度、风速和辐射四个指标对文物温度的影响。结合北京市某博物馆的文物展厅,对其四项指标进行了三次测试实验,结果表明:环境温度与文物本身的温度的确存有差异。将文物热安全度应用于博物馆智能空调系统,可对文物保护环境进行高精度的控制,还可保证空调系统的低碳节能运行,具有较高的社会、经济效益,值得在博物馆设计中推广应用。     

干湿循环作用下砂岩力学特性及能量损伤演化

内陆港口砂岩地基在水的循环作用下,岩石力学性能劣化,威胁港口地基的长期稳定性。为探究砂岩在干湿循环作用下的力学特性及能量损伤,开展不同干湿循环次数下的三轴压缩试验。结果表明:随着干湿循环作用的增强,砂岩力学性能指标逐渐衰减,当循环次数达到15次时,衰减幅度基本收敛;砂岩峰值强度、残余强度、弹性模量和变形模量的劣化度累积具有相似规律,干湿循环0~8次时累积速率较快,循环次数达到15次时累积速率放缓;在应力作用下,岩石吸收总能量随着应变增长而逐渐递增,耗散能累积主要集中在岩石破坏阶段。能量耗散导致损伤发展,损伤变量与耗散能走势较为一致。     

基于解析法的船-平台碰撞耗散能快速估算方法

海洋平台在作业过程中存在遭受船舶碰撞的潜在危险,一旦事故发生将可能导致结构产生严重损伤从而影响平台的作业安全,因此在平台结构设计阶段考虑其抗撞性能具有重要意义.本文以供应船撞击半潜平台为研究对象,基于碰撞外部动力学分析理论,在浮式平台规范法耗散能计算基础上,运用解析法推导出考虑平台艏摇运动响应的船舶非对心撞击平台耗散能求解方程,同时借鉴船-船碰撞耗散能估算方法,得到一般碰撞场景即考虑船-平台在碰撞过程中相对运动的耗散能解析式,并自编计算耗散能程序,实现船-平台碰撞碰撞耗散能的快速估算.最后通过非线性有限元分析(NLFEA)方法,计算出供应船与平台在碰撞过程产生的应变能并与解析法的算例结果进行对比,结果表明:规范法耗散能估算方法较为保守,不适用于一般碰撞场景下的耗散能估算;本文所提出的耗散能解析法可用于准确可靠地估算相类似船-平台碰撞场景下撞击船的耗散能.