Impact of Everyday Weather on Individual Daily Travel Behaviours in Perspective: A Literature Review

Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars being spent on infrastructure development -- from roads, rail and airports to energy extraction and power networks to the Internet -- surprisingly little reliable knowledge exists about the performance of these investments in terms of actual costs, benefits and risks. This paper presents results from the first statistically significant study of cost performance in transport infrastructure projects. The sample used is the largest of its kind, covering 258 projects in 20 nations worth approximately US$90 billion (constant 1995 prices). The paper shows with overwhelming statistical significance that in terms of costs transport infrastructure projects do not perform as promised. The conclusion is tested for different project types, different geographical regions and different historical periods. Substantial cost escalation is the rule rather than the exception. For rail, average cost escalation is 45% (SD=38), for fixed links (tunnels and bridges) it is 34% (62) and for roads 20% (30). Cost escalation appears a global phenomenon, existing across 20 nations on five continents. Cost estimates have not improved and cost escalation not decreased over the past 70 years. Cost estimates used in decision-making for transport infrastructure development are highly, systematically and significantly misleading. Large cost escalations combined with large standard deviations translate into large financial risks. However, such risks are typically ignored or underplayed in decision-making, to the detriment of social and economic welfare.     

Incorporating e-Technology to Advantage in a Greener Taxi Industry and its Impact on Driving Performance and Safety

Abstract

New technologies, especially advances in telecommunications, have had profound impacts on everyday life and brought even greater changes to some business models. Taxis represent one of the major modes of transportation in urban areas but they face a number of problems, including their environmental impacts. The status of the taxi industry in Taiwan is revealed and analyzed in this study. A new business model for the extensive and popular use of smart phones is proposed. However, it is important to know whether their use is both effective and safe. Two field experiments were executed to examine the effects on taxi drivers of using a navigation system installed in a GPS PDA phone. The results revealed that the efficiency of drivers using such a portable navigation system was better than those relying on paper maps in unfamiliar urban areas. Furthermore, performance in terms of safety was also better than those who used an on-board navigation system. In summary, incorporating e-technology can promote a taxi company's competitiveness and a driver's performance and safety as well as offer environmental benefits.     

穗莞深城际(5×30m)双线变四线道岔连续梁设计与施工

随着高速铁路的发展,桥梁在铁路中所占的比例越来越重,铁路道岔也从路基走上了桥梁,道岔连续梁开始广泛应用。文中以穗莞深城际(5×30m)双线变四线道岔连续梁设计为例,对城际铁路道岔变宽连续梁的设计进行了介绍,阐述了该结构受力特点、计算分析、构造措施及施工方法。     

The ‘Four Dimensions of Behaviour’ framework: a tool for characterising behaviours to help design better interventions

This paper sets out the rationale and structure of a tool for assisting policy-makers and practitioners to understand behavioural challenges and open up thinking on the design of effective ‘behaviour change’ interventions. The ‘Four Dimensions of Behaviour’ (4DB) framework is based on the theoretical and empirical research in a range of policy domains including transport and pro-environmental behaviour more generally. The 4DB framework characterises multifaceted behaviours along dimensions of actor, domain, durability and scope. Its application in workshop or structured settings opens up diverse and non-exclusive discussion on designing interventions to match salient behavioural characteristics. The use of the 4DB framework in the transport domain is demonstrated for travel behaviours of interest to policy-makers using examples of buying plug-in vehicles (PiVs), commuting by bicycle, eco-driving and making business trips by train.     

基于近似熵的交通流序列趋势变化检测

交通流趋势变化特征分析是交通流预测的基础．为了提取交通流序列随时间推移所呈现出来的宏观变化规律,提出了一种用于检测交通流序列趋势变化的滑动移除近似熵方法．通过对交通流序列趋势规律进行研究,首先将其细分为上升趋势、平稳波动趋势、下降趋势,然后根据不同趋势变化的时间序列复杂程度不同,建立了滑动移除近似熵方法求解其滑动移除近似熵的值,并根据得到的时间序列提取交通流序列趋势变化．最后以北京市四环路某一断面交通流序列为例,用建立的模型对交通流序列趋势变化进行检测,并与滑动t检验方法结果对比．研究结果表明本文提出的方法能够对交通流序列趋势变化进行检测,且检测结果与实际交通流序列趋势变化比较吻合,研究结论可为短时交通流预测建模提供拳者依据．     

车辆换道纵横向耦合控制

基于车辆纵横向动力学耦合模型,研究了自动化公路系统车辆换道纵横向耦合控制.假定换道过程中车辆横向加速度满足梯形约束,根据期望换道轨迹计算车辆换道时的期望横摆角和横摆角速度,依靠车载传感器获得车辆横摆角速度信息.采用有限时间滑模趋近律,设计了车辆换道纵横向耦合变结构控制规律.基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论,对控制系统的稳定性进行了分析,得到了系统渐进稳定的充分条件.仿真结果表明:采用该控制规律,车辆在纵向速度变化的情况下能够良好地跟踪期望换道轨迹,跟踪误差小于0.06 m.     

高职数学课堂教学的整体设计

本文通过对高等职业教育的分析,结合数学教学的特点及其在高职教育中的地位和作用,制定了数学课堂教学的原则和数学课堂教学的整体设计,对于高职数学课堂教学具有一定的指导意义。     

工程变更的统计分析对投资控制的影响

针对就工程建设中普遍存在的投资失控现象,对由于工程变更对投资控制的影响进行了分析,并针对目前存在的工程变更导致投资增加的情况,提出了如何有效地进行工程变更控制.     

水位降落期间土质岸坡稳定性劣化机理及趋势

以三峡库区典型的土质岸坡为研究对象,通过GeoStudio软件对库区岸坡进行数值模拟,计算水库蓄水期间,水位由175 m降落到145 m的工况下,岸坡的饱和-非饱和渗流场的变化趋势,研究土质岸坡稳定性劣化机理。计算结果表明:库水位降落期间,随着渗透系数的减小,土质岸坡稳定系数下降得越快,且岸坡稳定系数曲线有相似的下降趋势。