Suspension system state estimation using adaptive Kalman filtering based on road classification

This paper provides a new method to solve the problem of suspension system state estimation using a Kalman Filter (KF) under various road conditions. Due to the fact that practical road conditions are complex and uncertain, the influence of the system process noise variance and measurement noise covariance on the estimation accuracy of the KF is first analysed. To accurately estimate the road condition, a new road classification method through the vertical acceleration of sprung mass is proposed, and different road process variances are obtained to tune the system’s variance for the application of the KF. Then, road classification and KF are combined to form an Adaptive Kalman Filter (AKF) that takes into account the relationship of different road process noise variances and measurement noise covariances under various road conditions. Simulation results show that the proposed AKF algorithm can obtain a high accuracy of state estimation for a suspension system under varying International Standards Organisation road excitation levels.     

Speed variation during peak and off-peak hours on urban arterials in Shanghai

Increased speed variation on urban arterials is associated with reductions in both operational performance and safety. Traffic flow, mean speed, traffic control parameters and geometric design features are known to affect speed variation. An exploratory study of the relationships among these variables could provide a foundation for improving the operational and safety performance of urban arterials, however, such a study has been hampered by problems in measuring speeds. The measurement of speed has traditionally been accomplished using spot speed collection methods such as radar, laser and loop detectors. These methods can cover only limited locations, and consequently are not able to capture speed distributions along an entire network, or even throughout any single road segment. In Shanghai, it is possible to acquire the speed distribution of any roadway segment, over any period of interest, by capturing data from Shanghai’s 50,000+ taxis equipped with Global Positional Systems (GPS). These data, hereafter called Floating Car Data, were used to calculate mean speed and speed variation on 234 road segments from eight urban arterials in downtown Shanghai. Hierarchical models with random variables were developed to account for spatial correlations among segments within each arterial and heterogeneities among arterials. Considering that traffic demand changes throughout the day, AM peak, Noon off-peak, and PM peak hours were studied separately. Results showed that increases in number of lanes and number of access points, the presence of bus stops and increases in mean speed were all associated with increased speed variation, and that increases in traffic volume and traffic signal green times were associated with reduced speed variation. These findings can be used by engineers to minimize speed differences during the road network planning stage and continuing through the traffic management phase.     

车辆阻力对站线坡度设计的影响研究

根据车辆所受基本阻力、曲线阻力、坡道阻力、风阻力、道岔阻力,建立车辆单位基本阻力模型及数学表达式,运用车辆参数及风阻力参数,对车辆相关状态进行分析计算,研究表明:线路纵坡即使为平坡,亦存在溜逸安全隐患,必须采取措施才能保证安全;对《站规》站线纵坡标准,进行安全评估,提出利用停车顶改善车辆停放状态的措施意见及计算办法;利用减速顶做功耗能可以提高装车线线路纵坡,从而满足定量快速装车或轨道衡计量系统的技术要求,为线路纵坡设计提供依据,拓宽站场调速设备应用领域,创新工程设计方法,为工程综合优化设计提供理论基础,供设计分析及计算参考。     

高速铁路常用供电方式接地回流研究

分析了在高速铁路常用的供电方式下，即带回流线的直接供电方式和AT供电方式下的接地回流情况，通过对2种供电方式下牵引网的等效电路建模、计算，得到钢轨电流和地中电流分布系数的近似计算公式，并对回流情况进行了分析。     

自动变速器调速器阀与节气门阀的结构和原理

目前用于汽车自动变速器的调整阀有３种不同的结构形式，即由自动米速器输出轴驱动齿轮驱动的滑阀式和止回球式，以及直接安装在输出轴上的滑阀式，节气门大致分为两种类型，一类是机械控制式，另一类是真空控制式。详细介绍了各种调制器阀与节气门阀的结构形式。并相应地对其工作原理进行了探讨。     

利用可控减速顶实现驼峰三部位减速器超速防护的探讨

本文分析了编组站驼峰自动控制系统中,三部位减速器超速这一典型但又比较棘手的技术难题,提出了基于编组站驼峰自动控制系统,在三部位减速器出口后利用可控减速顶对钩车超速进行自动防护的解决方案,并阐述了该方案的合理性及可行性。     

世界高速铁路发展的动向

简述世界高速铁路的现状,说明其技术优势及经济效益,最后指出高速铁路技术发展的动向:(1)站间距离;(2)高速道岔;(3)无碴轨道;(4)高速列车。     

混合对转推进系统设计与实船应用研究

为全面深入了解混合对转推进系统实船安装对船舶性能影响,为数值仿真和性能预报提供实船参考数据,以集装箱运输船为应用对象,提出了一种把吊舱推进器集成在挂舵臂上的混合对转推进系统(CRP-POD),详细阐述了CRP-POD的系统构成、工作模式和电气控制系统实船设计方案。通过实船试验和运行数据分析,安装混合对转推进系统的船舶与同系列安装常规推进系统的船舶相比,特定航行工况下航速有2~3%的提升、回转能力有所降低、航向稳定性上优于常规船。     

Benefit of speed reduction for ships in different weather conditions

Currently, the shipping industry is facing a great challenge of reducing emissions. Reducing ship speeds will reduce the emissions in the immediate future with no additional infrastructure. However, a detailed investigation is required to verify the claim that a 10% speed reduction would lead to 19% fuel savings (Faber et al., 2012).This paper investigates fuel savings due to speed reduction using detailed modeling of ship performance. Three container ships, two bulk carriers, and one tanker, representative of the shipping fleet, have been designed. Voyages have been simulated by modeling calm water resistance, wave resistance, propulsion efficiency, and engine limits. Six ships have been simulated in various weather conditions at different speeds. Potential fuel savings have been estimated for a range of speed reductions in realistic weather.It is concluded that the common assumption of cubic speed-power relation can cause a significant error in the estimation of bunker consumption. Simulations in different seasons have revealed that fuel savings due to speed reduction are highly weather dependent. Therefore, a simple way to include the effect of weather in shipping transport models has been proposed.Speed reduction can lead to an increase in the number of ships to fulfill the transport demand. Therefore, the emission reduction potential of speed reduction strategy, after accounting for the additional ships, has been studied. Surprisingly, when the speed is reduced by 30%, fuel savings vary from 2% to 45% depending on ship type, size and weather conditions. Fuel savings further reduce when the auxiliary engines are considered.