深化深圳公交特许经营机制改革初探

本文通过深入剖析深圳公交特许改革后行业发展面临的新困境,在借鉴国外城市成功案例基础上.提出深化深圳特许经营机制改革框架设想,并进行政策可行性分析,为深化深圳公交行业特许经营改革提供理论依据.     

在共享单车影响下的公共自行车发展研究

公共自行车作为政府补贴的免费骑行项目,与共享单车相比在供给模式上存在显 著差异,两者具有一定的互补关系.其中明确政府补贴机理,是差异化2 种交通方式、强化两者 互补关系的关键.本文运用多目标规划方法,从政府的效用最大化、企业收益最大化、用户满意 度最大化3 个方面构建三者博弈关系,并以西安市公共自行车系统运营状况为例,分析政府补 贴对用户满意度、企业收益及政府效用等方面的影响.计算结果表明,政府的财政补贴有利于 提高公共自行车企业服务水平、用户满意度;但随着公共自行车使用率的增加,政府的财政压 力加大,用户满意度、企业收益与政府效用呈下降趋势,而共享单车可分担部分用户,减轻政 府及公共自行车运营企业压力.     

西北铁路建设经营的政府补贴问题研究

本文运用实证调查、对比分析方法,揭示了西北铁路建设运营成本的区域性差异。研究认为西北铁路是我国铁路网中公益性最强的板块,是政府发挥作用弥补市场失灵的领域。本文对青藏铁路公司、乌鲁木齐铁路局、兰州铁路局（以下简称“西三局”）的现场调研数据加以整理分析,在阐述政府与市场关系基础上,提出了建立西北铁路建设经营补贴机制的相关建议。     

Sustainable Governance of Norwegian Aquaculture and the Administrative Reform: Dilemmas and Challenges

This article discusses the impact of the Norwegian government's administrative reform on the management of the Norwegian aquaculture industry and coastal areas. The 2010 reform of government administration strengthened the County Councils’ role in issues of aquaculture at the expense of the regional offices of the Directorate of Fisheries. The aim of the reform was to increase self-governance through decentralization. However, international trends in coastal zone and marine resource management are moving in the opposite direction, aiming at more integrated and ecosystem-based approaches involving the management of larger, rather than smaller, geographic regions. This article examines the possible effects of this reform in light of the move from government to governance, and in the context of a broad policy shift toward a more integrated, ecosystem-based management (EBM) of the coastal zone. Based on insights from multi-level and coastal zone governance debates, we argue that an unintended consequence of the Norwegian administrative reform could be increased fragmentation of the aquaculture governance system, as well as a reduced capacity to implement EBM-related measures. At the same time, the reform might improve coastal zone planning, although a further step toward integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) would require a greater delegation of authority to the County Councils.     

Regulation,trust and contractual incentives around transport contracts – Is there anything bus operators can learn from public air service contracts?

This paper compares recent experiences in contract negotiation and subsequent commitment in public air services with the bus industry. The heart of the paper is a survey of European and Australian regional airlines, which we mirror with revealed experiences of bus operators. We aim to identify a number of elements in the contracting regimes that have exposed ambiguity and significant gaps in what the principal (e.g., transport department) expected, and what the agent (airline or bus operator) believed they were obliged to deliver. Ultimately airline and bus services are similar in that public authorities procure transport services that are desirable for the society but would be unprofitable without government involvement. In both sectors (theoretically fairly similar) public transport contracts are used, and those usually include obligations and performance measurements. In terms of similarities, one of the surveyed contract details that had a perceived high clarity in both industries was “payment procedures” and amongst those with rather poor clarity was also in both industries “incentives to improve performance and grow patronage”. We also show differences between regional air services and bus operations with regard to performance measurement and pre-specified obligations. Because of the strong safety culture around air services we find that regulation and trusting partnerships are even more important to aviation than to the bus sector. Because of the high level of trust but also because of simpler and more complete contracts in aviation, there is much less (re-)negotiation going on compared to the bus operations.     

治国方略与人性假设

中西不同的人性论预设,导致了不同的治国方略和制度路径.人性善或经验主义人性恶假设是人治和专制治理的理论基础;理性主义人性恶假设是法治的理论基础.人性善强调了道德自律的可能性,但缺乏预警机制,理性主义人性恶的不足在于过分强调人性中的阴暗,忽略了人的主动性.人性善或经验主义人性恶假设是人治和专制治理的理论基础;理性主义人性恶假设是法治的理论基础.人性善强调了道德自律的可能性,但缺乏预警机制,理性主义人性恶的不足在于过分强调人性中的阴暗,忽略了人的主动性.理想的治理结构应该是德治与法治的统一,其理论基础是理性与非理性,善与恶相统一的人性论假设.理想的治理结构应该是德治与法治的统一,其理论基础是理性与非理性,善与恶相统一的人性论假设.     

船检履约与应对IMO强制审核要点与措施研究

为促进全球海上安全和防污染相关国际公约的有效执行,国际海事组织于2009年批准了"IMO成员国自愿审核机制"强制化,我国将于2021年接受IMO的强制审核。船检占强制审核政府义务条款大部分内容,其被视为IMO进行强制审核的重点领域。因此,本文拟针对IMO履约规则及相关国际公约中有关船检的管理要求,对我国海事船检履约情况进行评估,分析我国船检海事立法与管理方面存在的问题,提出我国针对船检履约与应对IMO强制审核的要点及改进措施,以满足2021年IMO强制审核的要求。     

城市公共交通发展的动力机制研究

城市公共交通发展动力涵盖政府的主导作用、公交运营企业的主动力、公众的支持力以及营销传播的助动力等"四方力量",四方力量的协同推动城市公共交通系统快速发展。首先对城市公共交通发展的动力机制进行分析,研究快速发展面临的困境以及进行公共交通系统动力协调的必要性;然后提出强化政府主导作用的"4P"发展策略、激发公交运营企业主动力的品牌服务策略、拓展公众支持力的乘客关系管理策略、发挥营销传播助动力的促销策略等公共交通协同发展策略;由此增强公共交通竞争力,提高公交出行方式分担率,推动城市可持续发展。     

Exploring active transportation investments and associated benefits for municipal budgets: a scoping review

Municipalities play an important role in the planning and development of communities that support active transportation (AT), which refers to human-powered modes of travel, such as walking and cycling. Municipal-level stakeholders involved in land-use and transportation infrastructure planning consider multiple social, environmental and economic considerations to inform decision-making and investments in AT. Evidence around the fiscal benefits of AT investment for local governments has not been systematically identified. This scoping review sought to explore the existing evidence regarding investments in AT and opportunities for savings on municipal expenditures and revenue generation. In total, 7060 records were located and screened; of which 162 full-text articles were reviewed. Ultimately, 23 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The available evidence focuses on potential economic benefits of AT in the areas of tax revenues, property values, consumer spending and employment, all of which are relevant sources of revenue generation in municipal operating budgets. An evidence gap was identified regarding AT infrastructure investments and benefits corresponding to municipal expenditures (e.g. maintenance cost savings). Notably, a large portion of literature was published after 2009, suggesting that municipal-level evidence on the fiscal benefits of AT investments may just be emerging.     

政府与高校合作创新产学合作模式之初探

在新的社会主义经济形式和高校自主办学权不断扩大的情况下,除了企业和高校的合作之外,作为中国政治和经济生活中主体的政府能否积极、有效地参与到产学研合作的实践中来?这的确是一个值得深入研究的课题。文中结合广东省交通厅与广东交通职业技术学院合作运作广东省机动车驾驶培训教练员考试中心的例子对政府与高校创新合作的产学结合模式进行了初步探讨。