Parking management for promoting sustainable transport in urban neighbourhoods. A review of existing policies and challenges from a German perspective

ABSTRACT

The organisation of parking is a key challenge to more sustainable mobility in urban areas, as its pricing and availability affect the rates of private car ownership and use. However, changing parking policies is a challenging issue for local politicians and planners because residents frequently oppose changes or restrictions to conditions they have taken for granted such as on-street parking in a public space. The aim of this paper is firstly to assess how the parking policy of an urban neighbourhood can be structured to contribute to more sustainable mobility and to increase liveability in the neighbourhood. The second aim is to apply the policies reviewed to an example neighbourhood. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed academic literature and identified five types of relevant parking policies: (i) maximum parking requirements, (ii) physical detachment of residence and parking space, (iii) residential parking permits and the limitation of available parking space, (iv) performance-based pricing and (v) parking as a demand management strategy. We discovered that most research focuses on econometric models about parking and that studies rarely address the effects of parking on the quality of life in neighbourhoods. Therefore, we need further research regarding the relationship of parking and liveability. We conclude that for the implementation of such parking policies in an example neighbourhood, the municipality needs to develop a mobility vision for its city. It has to understand parking as a tool for transportation demand management to increase the acceptance of parking policy concepts and to avoid spillover problems. Finally, in the German case, as in most other countries, states and municipalities need to redesign their legal frameworks to be able to manage parking supply better and to react to changes related to digital developments and parking. The findings have implications for other European neighbourhoods regarding the transfer from research to local circumstances and applications for the whole city.     

A structural analysis of vehicle design responses to Corporate Average Fuel Economy policy

The US Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations are intended to influence automaker vehicle design and pricing choices. CAFE policy has been in effect for the past three decades, and new legislation has raised standards significantly. We present a structural analysis of automaker responses to generic CAFE policies. We depart from prior CAFE analyses by focusing on vehicle design responses in long-run oligopolistic equilibrium, and we view vehicles as differentiated products, taking demand as a general function of price and product attributes. We find that under general cost, demand, and performance functions, single-product profit maximizing firm responses to CAFE standards follow a distinct pattern: firms ignore CAFE when the standard is low, treat CAFE as a vehicle design constraint for moderate standards, and violate CAFE when the standard is high. Further, the point and extent of first violation depends upon the penalty for violation, and the corresponding vehicle design is independent of further standard increases. Thus, increasing CAFE standards will eventually have no further impact on vehicle design if the penalty for violation is also not increased. We implement a case study by incorporating vehicle physics simulation, vehicle manufacturing and technology cost models, and a mixed logit demand model to examine equilibrium powertrain design and price decisions for a fixed vehicle body. Results indicate that equilibrium vehicle design is not bound by current CAFE standards, and vehicle design decisions are directly determined by market competition and consumer preferences. We find that with increased fuel economy standards, a higher violation penalty than the current stagnant penalty is needed to cause firms to increase their design fuel economy at equilibrium. However, the maximum attainable improvement can be modest even if the penalty is doubled. We also find that firms’ design responses are more sensitive to variation in fuel prices than to CAFE standards, within the examined ranges.     

公共停车场经济属性的思考

中国大多数城市中心区公共停车场的规划建设管理都存在一定的障碍,根源在于对公共停车场的经济属性认识模糊。首先,分析当前公共停车场存在的主要问题及其产生根源,认为经济属性界定不清晰导致政府和市场分工不明确,同时增加政府内部管理的复杂度。提出把公共停车场的经济属性明确界定为以市场供给为主体的准公共物品这一结论,并以公共停车场经济属性为基础,提出在解决停车问题上政府和市场的权责界定。最后,对规划阶段的停车设施分类和功能定位、建设管理和运营阶段公共停车场的市场主导等关键技术问题进行研究并提出建议。     

基于博弈论的城市道路违章停车治理

为改善违章停车问题、提高城市管理水平,运用博弈论理论对城市道路违章停车进行分析 与研究。将停车问题涉及的监督部门、执法人员、驾驶人视为互相竞争者,考虑博弈各方的支付函数和效用最大化,建立监管部门与驾驶人、驾驶人与驾驶人之间的混合博弈模型,得出监管部 门执法成本和驾驶员违章成本的纳什均衡值,获得了违章停车行为中各方的最优效用。研究结果表明：在一定的执法成本下,交通执法者会采取相应的执法力度,驾驶人违章停车的概率会降 低。同时,驾驶人违章收益期望值越高,其违章停车的可能性会越大。不同驾驶人违章停车亦存在博弈现象,是否同时选择违章停车取决于共同的违章成本。当违章成本处于一定水平之下时,驾驶员之间的违章行为会发生传播效应。     

基于文件内外访问倾向性的流调度策略

提出了一种网上教学平台上基于文件内外访问倾向性的视频流调度策略.描述了系统架构、存储策略、调度策略与算法.通过对现有流调度算法的研究,结合视频文件内外访问倾向性,提出了一种新的流调度算法.理论分析和仿真实验表明:该算法可有效提高系统吞吐量和热门影片的命中率,降低系统平均等待时间.     

浅基岩大荷载透水沉箱码头结构应用及优化

用海政策调整后，传统满堂式沉箱结构+后方回(吹)填方案在获得用海许可存在困难。结合工程实例，通过理论计算和物理模型试验对比，在结构受力、构造及施工方面进行优化，提出沉箱墩+叠合板结构方案，具有岩面浅、波浪高且使用荷载大的特点。该方案在日照港岚山港区得到成功应用，码头运营状况良好，取得良好经济效益，可为类似条件下码头的设计和建设提供借鉴。