轨道型式对地铁与建筑物共建结构振动响应的影响

以上海某地铁站与建筑物共建工程为例,现场实测由于地铁运行引起的车站站厅层、上部结构各楼层的动力响应,建立道床—共建结构—地基二维动力有限元模型。通过对比分析计算和实测的共建结构竖向振动加速度的时域谱和1/3倍频程振级谱,探讨普通轨道、科隆蛋高弹扣件轨道和钢弹簧浮置板轨道在引起共建结构振动响应方面的差异。研究结果表明:采用科隆蛋高弹扣件轨道时,共建结构同一位置的加速度峰值约是普通轨道的1/2,而固有频率为6 Hz的钢弹簧浮置板轨道的加速度峰值仅为普通轨道的1/10左右,但钢弹簧浮置板轨道引起的振动周期和持时相对较长;科隆蛋高弹扣件轨道与钢弹簧浮置板轨道均有明显的减振效果,所不同的是前者对25 Hz以下、后者对25 Hz以上频段的竖向振动有较好减振效果;钢弹簧浮置板固有频率的变化对该共建结构振动响应的影响很小。     

120 km/h地铁多种减振轨道结构现场测试与分析

为分析隧道内各种减振措施在地铁列车行车速度为120 km/h时的减振效果,以地铁现场测试为依托,在时域和频域内分析3种轨道结构各测试断面在行车速度为120 km/h下的振动特性。结果表明:DZⅢ-1型扣件普通整体道床轨道在各频段内对振动的衰减均有一定效果,隧道壁在低频范围内减振效果较好。梯形轨枕轨道结构轨枕至隧道壁间的振动衰减非常明显,约为50 dB。钢弹簧浮置板对振动的衰减主要在钢轨与浮置板之间完成,为50~80 dB。梯形轨枕轨道和钢弹簧浮置板轨道隧道壁主要响应频段内相对于DZⅢ-1型扣件普通整体道床轨道减振效果分别为22 dB和38 dB。     

京包线大同至包头段电缆阻尼平衡系统

京包铁路大同至包头段电气化改造对平行铁路的通信电缆产生了感应纵电势,为消除及减少影响,新设了电缆阻尼平衡系统。介绍了电缆阻尼平衡系统的功能、构成、应用范围及工作原理。     

道路边坡危岩落石运动路径研究

为了研究公路边坡落石灾害的危害程度和危害风险,利用数值分析手法计算了危岩落石在沿坡面的完整运动路径。根据边坡坡度、落石和山坡面的减衰系数、落石速度等,提出一种减衰反弹接触法(DROM)的落石运动路径分析手法,以探究落石的运动特征、方向和角速度。考虑落石为多边体的非质点刚体,利用刚性的回转运动建立非质点的运动方程式。在二维落石运动路径的实例数值分析中,明确了落石水平垂直方向的运动路径、角速度和跳跃高度,为防灾减灾的工程措施提供必要的计算数据。     

减震榫与榫形防落梁装置应用于高速铁路简支梁桥的简化计算方法

针对应用最为广泛的铁路简支箱梁桥,结合铁路桥梁的抗震设防特点,研发了两种适用于铁路桥梁的新型减隔震装置—减震榫与榫形防落梁。对这两种装置进行长期深入的理论与试验研究,并且将装置在铁路桥上进行少量的工程应用,为装置的大量推广使用奠定了坚实的理论与实践基础。为规范减震榫与榫形防落梁装置的使用,利于装置的推广应用,对两种装置从构造到简化计算方法依次进行详细介绍。首先简要介绍装置的构造、作用机理及力学特性;然后采用非线性反应谱分析方法,对装置应用于铁路简支梁桥抗震设计的简化计算流程及公式进行详述;为加深工程技术人员对简化计算方法的理解与采用,给出了工程算例;由于计算过程涉及到反复迭代计算,为减少计算工作量,开发了计算分析的小程序。     

Dynamic impedances and load carrying mechanism for skirted foundations

Dynamic impedances of foundations include dynamic stiffness and damping which have important effect on the internal forces in the structure. In some cases, such as offshore wind turbines, the influence of the foundation impedances on the system's natural frequency and overall damping could potentially have a significant effect on the fatigue life of the structure. The vertical, horizontal and rocking impedances of a skirted foundation (also termed bucket foundation in offshore wind industry) embedded in a fully saturated poroelastic seabed are addressed in this paper. The vertical impedance is most relevant for jacket foundations supported on three or four bucket foundations, while horizontal and rocking impedances are applicable for mono-bucket foundations. The dynamic vibration problems are solved semi-analytically with the help of dual integral equations and Green's functions. Numerical results for dynamic impedances are obtained; damping ratio are also obtained to show the importance of radiation damping for bucket foundations, even at very small excitation frequencies. The influence of length-to-radius ratio, Poisson's ratio, permeability of soil, excitation frequency and thickness-to-radius ratio on the impedances are also studied. Besides, the dynamic load sharing among the top plate, bucket shaft and bucket tip is obtained for vertical load, horizontal load and moment to shed light on the carrying mechanism of bucket foundation at dynamic working loads. It is found that for a rigid bucket foundation, even when the length-to-radius ratio is small (e.g. l/a = 1.0), most of the loads are carried by the shaft, while the top plate and tip of the bucket take only a small portion of the loads. The results of this study will be helpful for understanding the load-carrying mechanism of offshore bucket foundations for normal operation conditions.     

Foundation damping for monopile supported offshore wind turbines: A review

Today, an important challenge for offshore wind energy is to design efficient and reliable offshore wind turbines (OWTs). The overall damping of OWTs plays an important role in the design process as it limits the amplitude of the OWT dynamic response at frequencies near resonance. Therefore, an accurate estimation of OWTs damping is necessary for the efficient design of these systems. The foundation damping is one of the main sources overall turbine damping and is the least well understood. This paper presents a critical review of recently published studies on foundation damping for OWTs on monopiles and explains how soil damping contributes to the total damping of OWTs. It also reviews the main methods that have been used for the estimation of foundation damping in numerical and experimental studies. In addition, the importance of damping to the OWTs fatigue life is discussed. Finally, a discussion is provided on the challenges to be overcome and recommendations for the accurate estimation of foundation damping.     

低噪声车轮阻尼控制的有限元分析

运用有限元分析方法,对采用表面阻尼处理技术制成的低噪声车轮进行阻尼控制分析,给出了结构损耗因子的计算公式。以国内标准车轮为对象,采用铝质约束层,提出在车轮的双面敷设约束型阻尼层、在车轮的单面完全敷设约束型阻尼层、在轮幅板两侧敷设约束型阻尼层和在轮辋下部两侧敷设约束型阻尼层等4种约束型阻尼设计方案,并利用有限元ANSYS软件对各方案进行模态及谐响应分析和对比,确定最佳阻尼设计方案。分析结果表明:采用表面阻尼处理技术制成的低噪声车轮有着良好的减振降噪效果;为在较宽的频率范围(100~5 000 Hz)内获得较好的减振降噪效果,综合经济、加工难易等因素,在车轮的单面完全敷设约束型阻尼层是较为合理的方案。     

Analysis of handling performance based on simplified lateral vehicle dynamics

In this article, the analysis methods for vehicle handling performance are studied. Using simple models, dynamic characteristic parameters such as yaw, natural frequency, and the damping coefficient of a vehicle can be theoretically formulated. Here, the vehicle is simplified by a bicycle (single-track) model, and the tire is modeled by an equivalent cornering stiffness and first order lag. From the experimental road data, the tire model parameters (equivalent cornering stiffness and time lag constant) are extracted. These parameters are then inserted into the theoretically formulated equations of dynamic characteristic parameters. For the purpose of validating the efficiency of the suggested methods, experimental road tests (where the cars have different handling performances) are performed. The results show that vehicle handling performance can be sufficiently represented by the suggested dynamic characteristic parameters. So, it is concluded that the proposed method has practical use for the development of new cars or for the comparison of similar cars since the evaluations of the vehicle handling performance can be efficiently determined by the suggested dynamic characteristic parameters.     

船舶轴系扭振计算和测试实例分析

船级社规范对轴系扭振提出了计算和实测的要求。本文对若干轴系固有频率的实测值与计算值不一致的船舶进行了分析，并给出了对影响其相应计算精度的减振器、曲轴、联轴节刚度等扭振参数进行了修正的实例；通过实测，对无阻尼自由振动计算的振型精度亦进行了分析，按振型推算系统响应超规范要求的船舶，可根据实测振幅来调整阻尼参数并用解析计算法来评价轴系扭振特性。结果表明，精确测定出系统的固有频率和振幅，从而核定轴系的扭振参数，是提高扭振计算精度的关键所在。