京张高速铁路明挖隧道基坑降水设计

针对京张高速铁路东花园隧道明挖基坑降水设计,通过勘察报告和现场降水试验得到降水区域水文地质参数,基于相关参数计算基坑涌水量,进而设计降水井数量、种类和深度。介绍了明挖隧道基坑自动化管井降水监测与分析管理系统,其可降低人工成本,实时监控并有效指导施工管理。经工程实践证明,明挖隧道基坑降水设计方案是可行有效的,能为类似明挖隧道基坑降水设计提供借鉴。     

晋祠隧道降水施工技术及沉降结果分析

结合太原晋祠隧道主体明挖基坑标准段深13 m,地质上层为杂填土和黄土状土、下层为砂层、砂层自稳性差,基坑施工时确保围护结构自稳性是难点的实际情况,介绍了降水井和基坑围护施工工艺,并对降水井设计、施工和地面沉降结果进行了详细阐述,对类似工程具有借鉴意义。     

高真空击密法在首钢矿石码头的应用

采用高真空击密法对场地内吹填砂土、淤泥质土等软弱地层进行地基处理,能提高地基承载至设计要求。通过工程实例阐述高真空击密的施工技术和实施效果,可供相关工程参考和借鉴。     

降雨型滑坡经验性降雨阈值研究综述

为更好地对滑坡进行预测预报,将作为滑坡预警重要判据的经验性降雨阈值的研究现状进行分类总结,并结合滑坡产生机理加以评述。提出了经验性降雨阈值目前存在的问题是受客观统计资料影响较大、降雨强度的选择问题、地区性限制明显、如何进行前期降雨时间选择问题、前期降雨型式的考虑问题、降雨、滑坡的周期性对降雨阈值的影响。针对这些问题给出了建议:经验性降雨阈值应同滑坡产生机理密切结合、经验性降雨阈值应同环境地质背景紧密结合、完善降雨滑坡监测机制,灵活选取经验性降雨阈值。     

胶新铁路施工期路堤水土流失特征

为探讨铁路路堤坡面水土流失特征，对施工期胶新铁路一段路堤进行了天然降雨现场观测，结果表明：路堤坡面的水土流失形式在特大暴雨时表现为浅沟侵蚀，但不影响路堤表面的稳定性；路堤坡面产生水土流失需要一定的雨量和雨强条件，雨强是引起坡面产流的关键因素；路堤通过改变沿线原来的径流途径引起二次水土流失，即通过路堤的渗流冲刷下游农田，及时修建导流排水沟可以预防二次水土流失。     

Seasonal and inter-annual variations in the surface freshwater flux in the Mediterranean Sea from the ECMWF re-analysis project

Seasonal and inter-annual variations in surface freshwater fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea are examined. Evaporation and precipitation rates are estimated from ERA15, the re-analysis project carried out at the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1979–1993. A seasonal cycle of river runoff is computed from a recent historical data set. The climatological mean for precipitation (326 mm/yr) is comparable to previous estimates, whereas that for evaporation (920 mm/yr) is low compared to other independent estimates, but regions of high and low evaporation rates are correctly located. The budget reveals an annual mean freshwater deficit in the Mediterranean of 480 mm/yr, lower than previous estimates because of the lower evaporation rate estimated by ECMWF. Consequently, the flows through the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily, deduced from the freshwater budget, are found to be slightly low.Seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of ERA15 precipitation are consistent with those deduced from independent precipitation estimates obtained with SSM/I observations for the 1988–1993 period. ECMWF and satellite estimates both agree on the amplitude of the seasonal cycle. The seasonal cycle of the river runoff has a globally small contribution to the freshwater budget, but is significant in summer when the precipitation is nearly null. The variability of the freshwater flux for the Mediterranean as a whole shows a strong seasonal cycle (amplitude of 50 mm/month), which seems to be mainly controlled by evaporation. The inter-annual variability of the freshwater flux, however, appears to be governed mainly by precipitation. Its amplitude, which is of the order of 50 mm/yr on average but may reach nearly 150 mm/yr for a particular year, is considered to be large but nevertheless not sufficient to explain differences observed in the estimates of the climatological mean freshwater flux proposed by various authors. The freshwater deficit in the Mediterranean Sea has globally increased by nearly 50 mm, mainly because of a decrease in precipitation over this 15-yr period.