利用高速摄影研究二甲基醚的喷雾特性

本文利用高速摄影技术在定容压力室中，通过6孔电磁喷射器，研究了二甲基醚（DME）的喷雾特性。结果表明，二甲基醚的喷雾射程随着定容压力室内气体压力的增加而减少；喷雾锥角则随和的升高而增大，在相同的条件下，二甲基 喷射锥角大于 喷射锥角；喷雾射程则低于柴油的喷雾射程。Hiroyasu喷雾射程的计算模型，通过适当的系数修正可以用于DME喷雾射程预测，由于DME喷雾射程和着火延迟期都比柴油短，在屐机缸内着火时刻，柴油的喷雾射程约为DME的2倍，从高速摄影的喷雾影像中可以清楚的看到，DME的蒸发速度明显比柴油快。     

城轨交通新选择——小型单轨系统

1概况 首个城市跨座式单轨系统--东京单轨,于1964年投入运营.跨座式单轨系统利用普通公路之上的空间,因此不会干扰日常的交通;而带橡胶轮的独轨车辆具有环保,低噪声和低振动的特点.     

Integrated land use transportation planning in facilitating and guiding the industrialization process in developing countries: The case of the Johor Bahru metropolitan area

The developing countries in their effort in promoting and guiding their industrialization program require effective land use and transportation planning to facilitate the urbanization process and optimize the use of resources. The recent rapid industrialization process in the Johor Bahru metropolitan area due to overspill development from Singapore, the Johor (Malaysia) and Batam Island (Indonesia), the Singapore development triangle proposal and policy deregulation of the Johor State government needreexamination of the existing Structure Plan policy (1984) framework for this region. The authors made observations on the current development and land use and transport policy framework of Johor Bahru-Pasir Gudang Structure Plan (1984), Malaysia with a view towards improving the land use and transportation planning approach.     

Simple Lagrangian formulation of bubbly flow in a turbulent boundary layer (bubbly boundary layer flow)

For the theoretical consideration of a system for reducing skin friction, a mathematical model was derived to represent, in a two-phase field, the effect on skin friction of the injection of micro air bubbles into the turbulent boundary layer of a liquid stream. Based on the Lagrangian method, the equation of motion governing a single bubble was derived. The random motion of bubbles in a field initially devoid of bubbles was then traced in three dimensions to estimate void fraction distributions across sections of the flow channel, and to determine local bubble behavior. The liquid phase was modeled on the principle of mixing length. Assuming that the force exerted on the liquid phase was equal to the fluid drag generated by bubble slip, an equation was derived to express the reduction in turbulent shear stress. Corroborating experimental data were obtained from tests using a cavitation tunnel equipped with a slit in the ceiling from which bubbly water was injected. The measurement data provided qualitative substantiation of the trend shown by the calculated results with regard to the skin friction ratio between cases with and without bubble injection as function of the distance downstream from the point of bubble injection.List of symbols B law of wall constant - C _f local coefficient of skin friction - C _f0 local coefficient of skin friction in the absence of bubbles - d _b bubble diameter [m] - g acceleration of gravity [m/s²] - k ₁ k₄ proportional coefficient - k _L turbulent energy of the liquid phase [m²/s²] - L representative length [m] - l _b mean free path of a bubble [m] - m _A added mass of a single bubble [kg] - m _b mass of a single bubble [kg] - N _x ,N _y ,N _z force perpendicular to the wall or ceiling exerted on a bubble adhering to that wall or ceiling [N] - P absolute pressure [Pa] - Q _G rate of air supply [/min] - q _L ⁽ⁱ⁾ turbulent velocity at the ith time increment [m/s] - R> _ex Reynolds number defined by Eq. 32 - T _*L integral time scale of the liquid phase [s] - U velocity of the main stream [m/s] - ,¯v,¯w time-averaged velocity components [m/s] - u,v,w turbulent velocity components [m/s] - û _L ,v_L root mean square values of liquid phase turbulence components in thex- and y-directions [m/s] - V volume of a single bubble [m³] - X,Y,Z components of bubble displacement [m] - x _s ,y _s ,z _s coordinate of a random point on a sphere of unit diameter centered at the coordinate origin - root mean square of bubble displacement in they-direction in reference to the turbulent liquid phase velocity [m] - local void fraction - _m mean void fraction in a turbulent region - regular random number - R _v increment of the horizontal component of the force acting on a single bubble, defined by Eq. 22 [N] - t time increment [s] - ₁ reduction of turbulent stress [N/m²] - _L rate of liquid energy dissipation [m²/s³] - _m coefficient defined by Eq. 30 - law of wall constant in the turbulent region in absence of bubbles - ₁ law of wall constant in the turbulent region in presence of bubbles     

Monorail development and application in Japan

The monorail has emerged recently as a serious mode for transit use in Japan. Three monorail lines are operational, and three more are being constructed. Approximately thirty other cities in Japan are considering the introduction of the monorail. This paper reviews the recent development of the monorail in Japan, examines its components, compares its performance with other transit modes, and assesses its potential in the context of the family of urban transit modes. This examination and comparison will be based on the features of the monorail designs recently adopted in Japan.     

试验台上的轮轨蠕滑力特性

阐述了在微缩试验台对轮轨蠕滑力进行的试验,重点介绍了试验设备、方法和试验结果。     

Design system for optimum contra-rotating propellers

A new type of contrarotating propeller (CRP) system has been developed through the cooperative research work of five shipbuilding companies in Japan (Hitachi Zosen Corporation; Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.; Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.; NKK Corporation; and Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.). This paper describes a design system for an optimum CRP, which is one of the numerous outcomes of this work. The optimum design system is composed of three theoretical programs: (1) the design program of the optimum CRP; (2) the steady lifting surface program of the CRP; (3) the unsteady lifting surface program of the CRP. These theoretical programs will be discussed in the first part of the paper, and the design system supported by these theoretical programs will then be verified by comparing calculated and experimental results.Translation of an article that appeared in the Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Japan, vol. 180 (1996): The original article won the SNAJ prize, which is awarded annually to the best papers selected from the SNAJ Journal, JMST, or other quality journals in the field of naval architecture and ocean engineering.     

A SPEAKER ADAPTABLE VERY LOW BIT RATE SPEECHCODER BASED ON HMM

IntroductionPhonetic and segmentvocoders are popular tech-niques used in speech coding at rates on the or-der of 1 0 0 bit/s.These coders are based onrecognition/synthesis technique.They use somekind of speech recognition technique to decom-pose speech signals to sequence of speech units,such as phonetic units or speech segment units,and then transmit indexes and durations of therecognized units.The decoders receive this in-formation,and synthesize speech by concatenat-ing typical instances of…