基于风险价值的危险品运输路径优化方法

考虑危险品事故发生概率和事故后果等主要因素,研究了危险品运输路径优化设计问题.通过分析不同危险值计算模型的性能特点,选用TR模型计算危险品运输的危险值,通过设定必要限制条件对KSP最短路径搜索算法进行改进,建立危险品运输最短路径集;考虑危险品运输事故发生概率受到多因素影响,具有一定的随机性和不确定性,引入金融领域用于风险管控制的风险价值理论,构建危险品运输路径风险价值模型,求解危险品运输网络在某置信水平下的最小风险值,从而提出了基于风险价值的危险品运输路径优化设计方法,并以长春市加油站为实例进行了模型检验和对比分析.结果表明:①随着置信水平的提高,对应的VaR值也在提高,最佳路径也会有所不同;②当置信水平在[0.9950,1.0000]时,最佳路径为路径6,此时不仅保证了路径最短,也保证了在可接受水平内的危险最小;③与传统最短路径模型相比,所建立危险价值模型能够不同置信水平下的危险路径选择方案,能有效降低运输危险.      

Pedestrian crosswalk overflow violation in China: Characteristics and countermeasure

The phenomenon that pedestrians do not walk in the crosswalk during pedestrian green is defined as overflow violation, which is illegal but common. Broadly varying crossing positions at far-side cross-section may result in widely distributed conflict points with left-turning and right-turning vehicles, which may cause the occurrence of severe conflicts. This paper proposes a model to estimate the overflow pedestrians’ crossing positions at the far-side cross-section of signalized crosswalk, which enables us to better understand pedestrian overflow violation behavior and finally facilitate their safety. After analysis, the intersection geometry and destination are determined as the critical factors causing pedestrians to overflow. And then, Weibull distribution is employed to describe the stochastic characteristics of overflow pedestrians’ crossing position distribution at the far-side cross-section. A crossing position distribution model which takes the crosswalk length, width and distance between crosswalk and destination into account is developed. The established model is validated by comparing the observed pedestrian crossing positions with the estimated crossing positions. The validation results suggest that the established model is capable of being adopted to estimate the overflow pedestrians’ crossing positions at far-side cross-section. Based on the model, countermeasure for overflow violation can be put forward to prevent pedestrians from walking outside the crosswalk.     

考虑行人随机行为波动的改进社会力模型

为在仿真模型中更全面地反映行人特性,并研究随机行为对双向行人过街的影响,本文基于社会力模型建立了考虑行人随机行为的仿真模型.分析了随机行为对行人过街的影响,从速度和受力两个方面对行人随机行为进行建模,建立两个不同的行人随机行为模型.通过数值模拟,在双向行人比例1：1 的条件下,得到了考虑随机行为条件下行人的仿真轨迹和行人平均过街时间与行人总数的关系;此外在不同行人随机行为各向异性参数λ_αε 条件下,对比分析了仿真过街时间与经验模型过街时间.结果表明,行人随机行为导致过街时间增加,考虑随机行为后,改进模型二能够得到与实际相似的过街轨迹,当0.5<λ_αε <1时,改进模型二的行人仿真过街时间与利用经验模型得到的过街时间最为接近.