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Marcel Veldhuis Cato ten Hallers Etienne Brutel de la Rivière Frank Fuhr Jan Finke Peter Paul Stehouwer Isabel van de Star Cees van Slooten 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2010,9(2):213-222
This paper offers an overview of the currently available Ballast Water Treatment systems, their efficacy in reducing the number
of organisms in relation with the IMO and other, future standards, and explores potentially new and promising technologies
and current gaps. 相似文献
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Ruurd van der Meer M. Karin de Boer Viola Liebich Cato ten Hallers Marcel Veldhuis 《Coastal management》2016,44(6):547-568
The ballast water from ships carries marine organisms that have invasive potential. The International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention (2004) requires ballast water exchange or ballast water management (BWM) systems either onboard or ashore. Ships can be exempted on the basis of risk assessment, when exclusively sailing between specific ports or in an enclosed area. In reply to our questionnaire, the shipping sector argues that the North Sea is ecologically homogeneous and exemptions could therefore be granted. This paper proposes that the North Sea area is, in fact, not homogeneous in terms of hydrographical and biological conditions; therefore, ballast water is a relevant transport mechanism for organisms. Within the North Sea, the short shipping routes indicate a high risk for survival. We examined actual simulation models for ballast water risk assessment in the North Sea, and we have identified the major parameters that need to be included in such models. These models provided a basis; they further need to be combined and adapted for the purpose of evaluating the rationale for an exemption. We concluded that exemptions from BWM are not recommended for the North Sea area. Anticipating the Ballast Water Management Convention, ship owners might do well to study possibilities for installing BWM systems onboard. 相似文献
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Cato C. ten Hallers-Tjabbes 《WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs》2007,6(2):225-233
Underwater Sound is essential for marine animal functioning. Sound levels from human sources in the marine environment interfere
with sound-mediated behaviour in marine animals when shipping coincides with areas or pathways that are vital for animal populations.
The impact of human-generated underwater sound to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity receives increasing attention, although
as yet it has not been included in the work of international organisations, such as the IMO. At MEPC 55 a document on ships
striking whales was discussed; it was noted that disturbed whale hearing might hamper the recognition of a ship approaching. 相似文献
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