Sea Cucumber Moratorium and Livelihood Diversity in Papua New Guinea

Livelihood diversity factors such as flexibility within fisheries, geographical mobility, reallocation of fishing effort into the broader economy, and the non-material benefits that fisheries provide are important areas of research in marine policy. We use two small-scale fisheries related socio-economic surveys of communities in the Tigak Islands of Papua New Guinea. The first conducted 5 years before a ban on the harvesting of sea cucumbers was imposed and the second from the present day, 5 years after the initiation of the ban—with the objectives of exploring changes in household fishing strategies (types and numbers of species targeted) and to identify any important socioeconomic factors that help explain those changes. Fishing's contribution to total household income has increased significantly (p = 0.019) up from 61% in 2004 to 73% in 2014 with the percentage of female residents living in a household now positively and significantly (p = 0.018) associated with fishing income. The average number of species categories targeted per household increased insignificantly while households with more women are significantly (p = 0.018) less likely to target more species than households with more men. Moreover, customary management practices contribute to this difference. Together, these results show that households are not worse off financially 5 years after the ban on sea cucumber harvesting and that gendered seascape use has implications for the role of livelihood diversity as a marine policy tool.     

The Impact of Recreation on Barrier Islands: A Case Study on Masonboro Island

Since 1992, coastal researchers at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington have been documenting the impacts of human recreational use on Masonboro Island, a component of the North Carolina National Estuarine Research Reserve, and the subsequent natural processes that mitigate these impacts. Both short-term and long-term natural mitigational processes were identified. The effects of these processes were found to be much more rapid than similar impacts on typical terrestrial settings. However, careful examination of the data suggests that both physical location of the impact site and natural variability of weather patterns and events play a role. Management implications of these findings are proposed.     

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提出了一个在有高速公路和城市干道的组合路网中设置可变信息标志(CMS)组位置的最优化模型．与文献中现有的模型相比较，本文的模型有效地达到了实际规模道路网络计算复杂性问题和确保求解模型的质量之间很好的平衡． 本模型具有三个不同的特征：(1)认为在路网中设置安装可变信息标志(CMS)系统是一个必须同时考虑现在和未来需要和利益的典型的规划问题；(2)评估由于在路网中设置了可变信息标志(CMS)系统而带来的交通效益是通过具有不同交通分布型态的多个时段来完成的；(3)考虑了在不同的路段上和时段内交通事件的特征本质上是变化的因素．本文还进行了敏感性分析，用以检验在各种不同的交通输入参数中，如交通需求、交通事件特征值、以及驾驶员交通行为的不确定性对可变信息标志系统(CMS)在路网中的最优设置的潜在影响．最后，本模型应用于加拿大多伦多的401高速公路和辅道组成的混合道路系统，并且对CMS系统设置结果进行了检验．     

Modelling the hydrodynamics and ecosystem of the North-West European continental shelf for operational oceanography

This paper outlines an approach to complex spatio-temporal marine ecosystem modelling as applied to the North Western European Continental Shelf. The model presented here combines an eddy-permitting (approximately 6 km horizontal resolution) baroclinic model, the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modelling System (POLCOMS), with the European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM). This has been run within an operational framework using operationally available high resolution atmospheric and lateral boundary forcing, allowing hindcast and near-real time nowcast simulations to be performed. The modelled surface temperature and chlorophyll distributions are presented, and interannual variations discussed. Validation of both the physical and ecosystem submodels show the system to be effective, whilst highlighting areas where improvements in the system can be made. Distinct regional differences in predictive skill are shown. The system presented is ready for operational implementation to provide products and services for use both scientifically and in coastal zone and shelf seas management activities. A programme of work to update the system is already in place.     

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当你第一眼看到它时,必定会问:这是哪门子的手表?表不像表,时间的指示器变成双喷射引擎飞船,还赫然发现我们的国宝大熊猫骑坐在上面英姿焕发地翱翔。这是一枚玩具手表吗?在某种意义上,是的,它是独立制表界怪杰Maximilian B(u|¨)sser以童     

Urban mass transit,gender planning protocols and social sustainability – The case of Jakarta

The discussion within a number of Global South cities is increasingly focused on the planning and implementation of large-scale urban mass transport systems. There is, however, a significant challenge of delivering such large investments in a manner to produce equity in the benefits across different urban spaces and across different social groupings. The transaction costs of urban survival and its associated urban mobility and their differences across gender and other social groups may work against the hypothesised distribution of benefits predicted from traditional individualistic, utility-maximising rational choice planning models. This may affect the social sustainability of such large-scale investments. There is a need for new methods and protocols in transport planning and management to ensure that such transport systems promote social sustainability. The mainstreaming of gender into the planning, financing, implementation, operation and management of such large-scale urban transport systems is a fundamental component for tackling the challenges facing the delivery of social sustainability. This paper will look at a case study of the Jabotabek Suburban Rail and Bus Rapid Transit systems in Jakarta as examples of large-scale mass transit investment. It will draw on survey research that highlights the gender differences in the use of this large urban transport system, gender differences in how the system interacts with geographies of opportunities and daily travel patterns, gender differences in the impact of the systems operation on passenger safety and security. It will highlight the need for new gender and user group protocols in the planning, implementation and management of urban mass-transit systems. It will provide some concrete examples of what measures would arise from such new planning protocols.     

Development of a behaviorally induced system optimal travel demand management system

The basic design concept of most advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) is to present generic information to travelers, leaving travelers to react to the information in their own way. This “passive” way of managing traffic by providing generic traffic information makes it difficult to predict the outcome and may even incur an adverse effect, such as overreaction (also referred to as the herding effect). Active traffic and demand management (ATDM) is another approach that has received continual attention from both academic research and real-world practice, aiming to effectively influence people's travel demand, provide more travel options, coordinate between travelers, and reduce the need for travel. The research discussed in this article deals with how to provide users with a travel option that aims to minimize the marginal system impact that results from this routing. The goal of this research is to take better advantage of the available real-time traffic information provided by ATIS, to further improve the system level traffic condition from User Equilibrium (UE), or a real-world traffic system that is worse than UE, toward System Optimal (SO), and avoid passively managing traffic. A behaviorally induced, system optimal travel demand management model is presented to achieve this goal through incremental routing. Both analytical derivation and numerical analysis have been conducted on Tucson network in Arizona, as well as on the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization (CAMPO) network in Austin, TX. The outcomes of both studies show that our proposed modeling framework is promising for improving network traffic conditions toward SO, and results in substantial economic savings.     

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针对地震、飓风等自然或者人为灾害条件下,大规模路网疏散的交通管理问题进行了研究. 由于紧急疏散条件下,交通控制设施和管理人员有限,很难覆盖交通网络中的所有交通节点,因此,识别出路网中重要的交通节点并加以控制,以达到最优的系统状态显得尤为重要. 为了解决这一迫切的既理论而又实际的问题,本研究提出了一个混合整数非线性规划（Mixed Integer NonLinear Programming,MINLP）模型,以确定最优的交通控制节点选址,并同时确定这些控制节点的最佳交通控制策略,以最大限度地减少整个交通系统成本. 数值算例表明了模型的适用性和合理性,同时得出结论,只要识别出重要的交通节点并加以控制,系统也能接近所有交通节点都控制时的理想最优状态.