Synthesis of a Model-Based Tire Slip Controller

The Anti-lock Braking System is an important component of the steering system in a modern car. In the latest generation of brake-by-wire systems, the performance requirements on the ABS are much higher. The controllers have to be able to maintain a specified tire slip for each wheel during braking. The authors propose a design model and based on that a gain-scheduled controller that regulates the tire-slip. Simulation and test results are presented.     

Improving automobile insurance ratemaking using telematics: incorporating mileage and driver behaviour data

Transportation - We show how data collected from a GPS device can be incorporated in motor insurance ratemaking. The calculation of premium rates based upon driver behaviour represents an...     

The Gothenburg congestion charges: cost–benefit analysis and distribution effects

This paper performs an ex-post cost–benefit and distribution analysis of the Gothenburg congestion charges introduced in 2013, based on observed effects and an ex-post evaluated transport model. Although Gothenburg is a small city with congestion limited to the highway junctions, the congestion charge scheme is socially beneficial, generating a net surplus of €20 million per year. From a financial perspective, the investment cost was repaid in slightly more than a year and, from a social surplus perspective, is repaid in < 4 years. Still, the sums that are redistributed in Gothenburg are substantially larger than the net benefit. In the distribution analysis we develop an alternative welfare rule, where the utility is translated to money by dividing the utility by the average marginal utility of money, thereby avoiding putting a higher weight on high-income people. The alternative welfare rule shows larger re-distribution effects, because paying charges is more painful for low-income classes due to the higher marginal utility of money. Low-income citizens pay a larger share of their income because all income classes are highly car dependent in Gothenburg and workers in the highest income class have considerably higher access to company cars for private trips. No correlation was found between voting pattern and gains, losses or net gain.

     

Railway reforms: do they influence operating efficiency?

This paper considers railway operations in 23 European countries during 1995–2001, where a series of reform initiatives were launched by the European Commission, and analyses whether these reform initiatives improved the efficiency of the railway systems. Efficiency is measured using Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis, which enables investigation of how railway reforms affect the inefficiencies of specific cost drivers. The main findings are that the reform initiatives generally improve technical efficiency but potentially differently for different cost drivers. Specifically, the paper provides empirical evidence that accounting separation is important for improving the efficiency in the use of both material and staff costs, whereas other reforms only influenced one of these factors.

德国Railion公司的现代化货车

介绍了Railion公司为满足越来越高的运输要求,对已有的货车进行了改进,并研制出新型货车.改进后的货车和新型货车提高了运输效率,并使铁路具有较好的竞争力.     

Train-Track Interaction and Mechanisms of Irregular Wear on Wheel and Rail Surfaces

Summary High-frequency train-track interaction and mechanisms of wheel/rail wear that is non-uniform in magnitude around/along the running surface are surveyed. Causes, consequences and suggested remedies to relieve the problems are discussed for three types of irregular wheel/rail wear: (1) short-pitch rail corrugation on tangent tracks and large radius curves, (2) wheel corrugation as caused by tread braking, and (3) wheel polygonalisation. The state-of-the-art in modelling of dynamic train-track interaction in conjunction with prediction of irregular wear is reviewed.     

Valuation of time charter contracts for ships

This article describes a valuation method for time charter contracts for ships, i.e. leasing contracts for ships with embedded Bermudan options for buying the ship and extending the contract. As there often are embedded foreign exchange options in the buy options on the ship, a two factor stochastic model is developed and it is shown how the price can be determined applying techniques from contingent claim analysis such as dynamic programming.     

Treatment of seasonal tickets for public transport in estimation and application of mode/destination choice models

A new model system dealing with trips of length up to 100 km has recently been developed in Norway. A new way of dealing with seasonal passes for public transport is used in the travel-to-work model. The objective was to account for the fact that a respondent that posses a seasonal pass for public transport may behave as if public transport is free on the day they report a travel diary. On the other hand, we can not assume that public transport is free for respondents that used other modes of transport or that public transport is free to alternative destinations. This problem was solved by defining seasonal pass as a separate alternative in the form of a nest that included all modes of travel. The cost of a seasonal pass is a common cost for all modes in the nest and will thus not affect the choice within the nest. The estimation of this specification is compared with the more common approach of assigning an average cost per day based on the cost of a monthly pass and the number of workdays in a month. The comparison indicates that the “average cost per day” approach may produce biased estimates for several parameters. It also turns out that the cost parameter for seasonal pass is higher than the parameter for “out of pocket” cost, probably reflecting that there will be some uncertainty with respect to the actual use of a seasonal pass.     

新转化膜在汽车行业内的应用近况

1 引言 伴随着20世纪初Thomas Coslett及其他众多人士的研究工作,在1943年引入了Jernstadt磷酸盐后,诞生了今天人们所熟知的用于镀锌工艺前预浸处理的含钛磷酸氢二钠溶液.使用该磷酸盐后,可以更快地形成更为细小的磷酸锌晶体组织.过去60多年间,这种基础工艺在众人的努力下愈发精细,但是基本的化学特性及功能仍然保持不变.     

New structure of Sailing Directions

Charts, Sailing Directions (SDs) and other nautical publications constitute an information unit for the mariner. All relevant charts and publications together provide the mariner with an overview of a particular sea area. SDs are publications for voyage planning rather than for direct navigation. These days, the Electronic Chart Display Information System (ECDIS) is on the way to become a digital information system, which should comprise all information relevant for the mariner. Therefore, the integration of Sailing Directions information into the present ECDIS is necessary to obtain a comprehensive ECDIS, which makes conventional SDs and other publications superfluous.