Urban single-lane roundabouts: A new analytical approach using multi-criteria and simultaneous multi-objective optimization of geometry design,efficiency and safety

Building safe and effective roundabouts requires optimizing traffic (operational) efficiency (TE) and traffic safety (TS) while taking into account geometric factors, traffic characteristics and local constraints. Most existing simulation-based optimization models do not simultaneously optimize all these factors. To capture the relationship among geometry, efficiency and safety, we put forward a model formulation in this paper. We present a new multi-criteria and simultaneous multi-objective optimization (MOO) model approach to optimize geometry, TE and TS of urban unsignalized single-lane roundabouts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model that uses the multi-criteria decision-making method known as analytic hierarchy process to evaluate and rank traffic parameters and geometric elements of urban single-lane roundabouts. The model was built based on comprehensive review of the research literature and existing roundabout simulation software, a field survey of 61 civil and traffic expert engineers in Croatia, and field studies of roundabouts in the Croatian capital city of Zagreb. We started from the basis of Kimber’s capacity model, HCM2010 serviceability model, and Maycock and Hall's accident prediction model, which we extended by adding sensitivity analysis and powerful MOO procedures of the bounded objective function method and interactive optimization. Preliminary validation of the model was achieved by identifying the optimal and most robust of three geometric alternatives (V.1-V.3) for an unsignalized single-lane roundabout in Zagreb, Croatia. The geometric parameters in variant V.1 had significantly higher values than in the existing design V.0, while approaches 1 and 3 in variant V.2 were enlarged as much as possible within allowed spatial limits and Croatian guidelines, reflecting their higher traffic demand. Sensitivity analysis indicated that variant V.2 showed the overall highest TE and TS across the entire range of traffic flow demand and pedestrian crossing flow demand at approaches. At the same time, the number of predicted traffic accidents was similar for all three variants, although it was lowest overall for V.2. The similarity in predicted accident frequency for the three variants suggests that V.2 provides the greatest safety within the predefined constraints and parameter ranges explored in our study. These preliminary results suggest that the proposed model can optimize geometry, TE and TS of urban single-lane roundabouts.     

浅谈数控编程软件图形数据的转换

本文在CAM数控编程软件使用的基础上,介绍了图形数据转换的制定目的、格式,并通过示例来说明典型软件的图形数据转换的基本方法。     

Microfluidics-based assay on the effects of microenvironmental geometry and aqueous flow on bacterial adhesion behaviors

Abstract A new microfluidic system with four different microchambers （a circle and three equilateral concave polygons） was designed and fabricated using poly（dimethylsiloxane） （PDMS） and the soft lithography method. Using this microfluidic device at six flow rates （5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 μL/h）, the effects of microenvironmental geometry and aqueous flow on bacterial adhesion behaviors were investigated. Escherichia coli HB101 pGLO, which could produce a green fluorescent protein induced by L-arabinose, was utilized as the model bacteria. The results demonstrated that bacterial adhesion was significantly related to culture time, microenvironment geometry, and aqueous flow rates. Adhered bacterial density increased with the culture time. Initially, the adhesion occurred at the microchamber sides, and then the entire chamber was gradually covered with increased culture time. Adhesion densities in the side zones were larger than those in the center zones because of the lower shearing force in the side zone. Also, the adhesion densities in the complex chambers were larger than those in the simple chambers. At low flow rates, the orientation of adhered bacteria was random and disorderly. At high flow rates, bacterial orientation became close to the streamline and oriented toward the flow direction; All these results implied that bacterial adhesion tended to occur in complicated aqueous flow areas.The present study provided an on-chip flow system for physiological behavior of biological cells, as well as provided a strategic cue for the prevention of bacterial infection and biofilm formation.     

画法几何中柱(球)锥相贯线特殊点的解析证明

用空间解析法对画法几何教材中不明了和有疑义的柱(球)锥相贯线特殊点给以证明,从而在其相贯线的作图中,明确地应用这种利用圆锥内切辅助球面法得到特殊点投影的作法。     

预应力连续梁悬拼施工关键技术研究与应用

基于高精度几何线形控制和大型机械化集成装备系统施工的节段预制桥梁悬拼技术,已广泛用于国内外桥梁施工。根据厄瓜多尔国家联合大桥（巴巴奥约河大桥）75 m跨径连续梁桥的工程特点,采用有限元法计算全桥预拱度,采用GeomPro软件控制与调整几何线形,介绍JP75架桥机、水上龙门吊、悬臂支架锁定、长束张拉、强制合龙及体系转换等关键设备与施工技术的研究与应用。     

一个代数与几何证明实例

本文选用运筹学中的线性规划模型的最优性条件,运用高等代数和解析几何综合分析,得到kkt条件,来说明高等代数和解析几何是两个不可分割的整体,为我校代数与几何课程教学提供实例。     

公差分析和优化设计

公差分析和优化设计是产品尺寸管理过程的核心部分,在降低成本,缩短开发周期和提高产品质量等方面起着非常重要的作用。文章详细介绍了完整产品的公差分析过程,阐述了计算机辅助三维公差分析的原理和步骤。表明根据分析结果可制定相应的测量计划,并根据实际情况修正数学模型,完善数据库。指出公差分析和优化设计,从根本上保证了质量目标的达成,并且极大地减少了后期修改,正在越来越多地被应用到实际开发过程中。     

基于二次误差测度的带属性三角网格简化算法

给出一种基于边折叠和二次误差测度的快速简便的算法来简化带属性的网格模型。该算法通过分别建立几何和颜色属性二次误差测度来计算几何和颜色属性误差,用几何与颜色属性误差的总和来控制网格简化的顺序和精度。边折叠是根据某种误差测度将候选的边按照折叠代价排序,每次取代价最小的边进行折叠操作,直至满足给定的终止条件。二次误差测度采用点到平面距离的平方作为误差测度。应用实例表明,该算法既能保证简化模型同初始模型在几何上尽可能相似,又能较好地保留初始模型的颜色、纹理等属性信息。     

基于AUTOCAD的ANSYS几何建模初探

基于AutoCAD平台,用其自带的VBA开发应用程序,建立了从AutoCAD单线几何模型到ANSYS杆系模型的转换接口程序,该程序可将在AutoCAD环境下建立的复杂空间模型转换成ANSYS中的结构模型,方便快捷实现土木工程中复杂的几何建模功能,为工程计算和研究提供方便。通过自定义截面和空间网架建模两个实例验证了该方法的可行性和实用性。     

几何一致性对整车结构碰撞仿真影响

有限元仿真分析为车身结构CAD设计及性能控制提供指导和参考，要求具有可靠的仿真结果，因此大力提升计算机模拟精度势在必行。文章介绍了在有限元建模过程中网格与几何的一致性对整车结构碰撞仿真的影响，探讨了网格贴合精度、重要特征处理和调整厚度穿透对计算结果的影响，并进行了分析对比，找出了影响仿真精度的若干因素，对碰撞分析模型的正确建立及结果的可靠性分析和实车碰撞状态的有效反应具有指导意义。