村通工程交换网网管改造方案

从村通工程的实际背景出发，立足于甘肃省本地电话网的现状，结合目前本地电话网组建方案的利弊及其发展进程进行分析，得出了一个扩大本地网网管系统的方案。     

对铁路客站概算编制几个问题的探讨

铁路站房一般具有跨度大、空间大、荷载重等特点,他不同于一般的工业与民用建筑,在编制概预算时如果直接套用地方定额,会存在一定的不合理性.此文从站房基坑土方开挖、大体积混凝土支撑系统、大型钢结构安装工程、建筑装修支撑体系等方面,分析对编制项目概算的影响.通过分析与对比,提出采用地方定额的建议,以供在今后编制站房概算中借鉴.     

深水桥梁垫层隔震基础冲刷演化机理与设计建议

群桩和沉井作为跨江海桥梁的基础支撑体系已得到广泛应用,但近年来实际工程的水深不断增加,现有技术已难以适用于50 m以上的超深水环境条件。为研究垫层隔震基础这一新型深水桥梁基础的冲刷演化机理,针对周期为1.2 s,波高分别为4、6、8 cm的3种波浪条件,以及海流流速为25 cm·s^-1,波浪波高为6 cm,周期为1.2 s的波流共同作用条件,开展砂土中垫层隔震基础冲刷演化机理的波流水槽模型试验研究,结合仅单向流作用下的基础体系冲刷演化机制,重点考察并梳理了隔震垫层的5种典型破坏形式及其特点。结果表明：仅存在单向流作用时,垫层的破坏形式主要为边缘破坏、剪切破坏和完全破坏,且严重程度随流速增大而增大;存在波浪作用时,海床泥沙及垫层材料起动后将发生振荡,导致隔震垫层还会发生掩埋破坏和掏底破坏;波流共同作用时,产生的影响比二者单独作用时更严重,对基础体系的正常工作产生严重影响。此外,通过分析交界面位置附近材料在冲刷过程中的滑动与滚动过程,认为颗粒材料的滑动和滚动是造成隔震垫层材料流失的主要原因。最后,对比分析了国内外抛石设计规范中的粒径计算方法,并在此基础上对垫层材料的设计提出建议。     

桩基非对称局部冲刷条件下土体应力变化解析解

传统桩基局部冲刷坑模型主要采用对称形态的坑体来分析,然而实际问题中局部冲刷坑体常为非对称,这使得桩基处于更不利的状态。评价桩基承载力的关键之一是合理计算冲刷坑造成的土体应力状态变化。而对于桩周形成非对称冲刷坑时土体应力变化,目前仍然没有较为完善和严格的理论分析方法。针对该问题,根据已有试验得到的非对称局部冲刷坑形态,提出非对称冲刷坑内土体应力计算的平面应变简化模型;并基于弗拉曼解在半无限空间中的应用,将冲刷坑以上土体看做荷载并引起土体内应力重分布,得到非对称冲刷坑下土体应力分布计算的平面应变解析解。通过有限元中的"生死单元法"模拟非对称局部冲刷坑的形成过程,并将有限元得到的冲刷坑内土体应力结果与解析解计算结果进行对比,验证解析解的正确性。随后基于该方法考虑桩尺寸的影响,得到非对称局部冲刷坑形成后桩周土体的垂直及水平有效应力计算方法,并与有限元计算结果进行了对比。结果表明：在考虑桩尺寸时,解析解计算结果略保守。在此基础之上,对非对称冲刷坑参数的敏感性进行分析,指出桩上、下游侧冲刷深度差值对桩周土体的应力影响较大,得到了非对称冲刷坑下桩周土体的垂直有效应力及水平有效应力差的变化规律,研究结果可为工程设计提供参考。     

沿河公路路基冲刷深度的计算

在沿河公路路基冲刷防护中多采用挡土墙或石砌护坡。确定合理的局部冲刷深度 ,是确定挡土墙基础埋置深度的重要依据。在分析路基局部冲刷的影响因素基础上 ,结合甘肃省陇南地区沿河公路挡土墙的冲刷实测结果 ,探讨和建立新的局部冲刷计算公式 ,公式的计算结果与实测数据基本相符     

Continuum theory for pedestrian traffic flow: Local route choice modelling and its implications

This contribution puts forward a novel multi-class continuum model that captures some of the key dynamic features of pedestrian flows. It considers route choice behaviour on both the strategic (pre-trip) and tactical (en-route) level. To achieve this, we put forward a class-specific equilibrium direction relation of the pedestrians, which is governed by two parts: one part describing the global route choice, which is pre-determined based on the expectations of the pedestrians, and one part describing the local route choice, which is a density-gradient dependent term that reflects local adaptations based on prevailing flow conditions.Including the local route choice term in the multi-class model causes first of all dispersion of the flow: pedestrians will move away from high density areas in order to reduce their overall walking costs. Second of all, for the crossing flow and bi-directional flow cases, local route choice causes well known self-organised patterns to emerge (i.e. diagonal stripes and bi-directional lanes). We study under which demand conditions self-organisation occurs and fails, as well as what the impact is of the choices of the different model parameters. In particular, the differences in the weights reflecting the impact of the own and the other classes appear to have a very strong impact on the self-organisation process.     

The load-dependent vehicle routing problem and its pick-up and delivery extension

The present paper examines a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) of major practical importance which is referred to as the Load-Dependent VRP (LDVRP). LDVRP is applicable for transportation activities where the weight of the transported cargo accounts for a significant part of the vehicle gross weight. Contrary to the basic VRP which calls for the minimization of the distance travelled, the LDVRP objective is aimed at minimizing the total product of the distance travelled and the gross weight carried along this distance. Thus, it is capable of producing sensible routing plans which take into account the variation of the cargo weight along the vehicle trips. The LDVRP objective is closely related to the total energy requirements of the vehicle fleet, making it a credible alternative when the environmental aspects of transportation activities are examined and optimized. A novel LDVRP extension which considers simultaneous pick-up and delivery service is introduced, formulated and solved for the first time. To deal with large-scale instances of the examined problems, we propose a local-search algorithm. Towards an efficient implementation, the local-search algorithm employs a computational scheme which calculates the complex weighted-distance objective changes in constant time. Solution results are presented for both problems on a variety of well-known test cases demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed solution approach. The structure of the obtained LDVRP and VRP solutions is compared in pursuit of interesting conclusions on the relative suitability of the two routing models, when the decision maker must deal with the weighted distance objective. In addition, results of a branch-and-cut procedure for small-scale instances of the LDVRP with simultaneous pick-ups and deliveries are reported. Finally, extensive computational experiments have been performed to explore the managerial implications of three key problem characteristics, namely the deviation of customer demands, the cargo to tare weight ratio, as well as the size of the available vehicle fleet.     

Including congestion effects in urban road traffic CO2 emissions modelling: Do Local Government Authorities have the right options?

Tailpipe emissions from vehicles on urban road networks have damaging impacts, with the problem exacerbated by the common occurrence of congestion. This article focuses on carbon dioxide because it is the largest constituent of road traffic greenhouse gas emissions. Local Government Authorities (LGAs) are typically responsible for facilitating mitigation of these emissions, and critical to this task is the ability to assess the impact of transport interventions on road traffic emissions for a whole network.This article presents a contemporary review of literature concerning road traffic data and its use by LGAs in emissions models (EMs). Emphasis on the practicalities of using data readily available to LGAs to estimate network level emissions and inform effective policy is a relatively new research area, and this article summarises achievements so far. Results of the literature review indicate that readily available data are aggregated at traffic level rather than disaggregated at individual vehicle level. Hence, a hypothesis is put forward that optimal EM complexity is one using traffic variables as inputs, allowing LGAs to capture the influence of congestion whilst avoiding the complexity of detailed EMs that estimate emissions at vehicle level.Existing methodologies for estimating network emissions based on traffic variables typically have limitations. Conclusions are that LGAs do not necessarily have the right options, and that more research in this domain is required, both to quantify accuracy and to further develop EMs that explicitly include congestion, whilst remaining within LGA resource constraints.     

Local joint flexibility of tubular X-joints stiffened with external ring or external plates

In the present paper, the Local Joint Flexibility (LJF) of the ring-stiffened X-joints and plate-stiffened X-joints under compressive load is investigated. In the first phase, a finite element (FE) model was generated and verified with the results of available experimental tests and equations. In the next phase, a set number of 234 FE models were created to evaluate the role of the external ring size (β_r and τ_r), the external plate size (β_p and τ_p), and the connection geometry (γ, τ, and β) on the LJF factor (f_LJF). In these FE models, the weld connecting the chord and brace members was generated. The results indicated that the f_LJF of a plate stiffened joint can be down to 76% of the f_LJF of the corresponding un-stiffened joint. Also, the effect of the ring size on the f_LJF was more than the effect of the plate size on the f_LJF, because of the stiffener position. Despite the notable effect of the ring and the plate on the f_LJF, there is not any study or formula on tubular connections stiffened with ring or plate. Therefore, the FE results were used to propose two parametric formulas for determining the f_LJF in X-joints with external ring or external plate under brace compressive load. Moreover, the derived formulas were checked based on the UK DoE acceptance criteria.     

Assessment of fatigue strength of steel butt-welded joints in as-welded condition – Alternative approaches for curve fitting and mean stress effect analysis

Experimental fatigue data for butt-welded joints in as-welded condition and under constant amplitude tensile loading (secondary bending included) were analyzed using the nominal stress system and the notch stress system. Two approaches were used; a standard fitting procedure and minimization of the sum of squared perpendicular distances from a line with a fixed and free slope. In all cases, the latter method gave better agreement between the experimental and predicted fatigue life and fatigue strength. The analyses showed both with all broken specimen data included and with reduced data that the FAT225 curve, as recommended by IIW, might be too optimistic for the notch stress approach in the case of butt-welded joints in as-welded condition. It was also found that use of the local stress ratio instead of the applied stress ratio might explain many issues concerning current observations and apparent inconsistencies in reported literature.