土石方调配问题双层规划模型及算法研究

研究目的:针对铁路土石方工程中较少考虑对生态环境影响的现状,研究如何构建合理的土石方调配问题模型,实现铁路土石方工程与生态环境的有效协调,减少对生态环境的影响的同时,从而实现土石方工程系统最优的目标。研究结论:根据土石方工程具体特点,系统地描述土石方调配问题,在此基础上兼顾政府监管部门与施工企业双方不同的利益目标,建立土石方调配问题双层规划模型。在双层规划模型中,上层模型为土石方工程系统最优模型,下层模型为土石方调配费用最低模型。计算结果表明:土石方调配问题双层规划模型在减少对保护生态环境影响同时,降低工程建设成本。     

Time windows in workers' activity patterns: Empirical evidence from the Netherlands

This paper assumes that activities at the home and work location are important determinants of individuals' paths through time and space. Fixed activities at these locations determine to a large extent the duration and timing of time windows – blocks of time available for participation in travel and out-of-home non-work activities. Taking the time spent at home and at the workplace as a starting point, this paper classifies activity patterns on workdays into six groups with distinct home- and work-stay patterns. For this, data are used from the 1998 Netherlands National Travel Survey. The six clusters vary in terms of the duration and timing of time windows and some of the differences can be explained by commute characteristics, types of non-work activities performed, workers' sociodemographic attributes, and their spatiotemporal environment. However, the impact of sociodemographic and spatiotemporal variables on cluster membership is shown to be weak.     

Are French millenials less car-oriented? Literature review and empirical findings

Generation effects play a key role in shaping long-term trends in travel behaviors. Though cohorts born until the 1970s have been increasingly car-focused, a reversal of this trend was noticed among the millenials. Determining whether this break-in-trend resulted from changes in living conditions and economic difficulties, or demonstrates a shift in attitudes away from the car, is critical to future travel trends. We bring a contribution to this debate in the French context, through a literature review followed by empirical findings, using the French Base of Local Household Travel Surveys. Through age-cohort analysis, we find evidence of changing travel patterns among the millenials, taking the form of a shift from driving to transit, along with a decline of car ownership. However, travel attitudes of the millenials play little role, as they do not differ substantially from their elders. Besides, we show that generation effects disappear once a large number of structural factors are controlled for. It looks like the main driver of change in travel behaviors comes from a shift in residential patterns, in relation with longer studies and a delayed entrance into the workforce, and possibly because of increasing work pressure, degraded transport conditions and changes in residential attitudes and desired lifestyles. In the end, these assumptions should be further explored, along with complementary research tracks, including the role of economic factors, the effects of learning experience, as well as heterogeneity in travel patterns, in relation with issues of social and spatial equity.     

Residential segregation and commuting patterns of migrant workers in China

In China, many rural migrant workers experience residential segregation and live in urbanizing villages, due to China’s unique institutional context (e.g. land tenure system, hukou system) as well as exclusionary housing regulations. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether these urbanizing villages provide good job accessibility for rural migrant workers. We explore this problem by investigating the commuting patterns of migrant workers. Through a survey conducted in 2009 across four mega-regions in China that are currently experiencing rapid urbanization, we collected individual level information on rural migrant workers’ commute distances and durations, demographics, household socioeconomic status, and whether the migrant worker is living in an urbanizing village or not. From residential address information collected in the survey, we constructed a group of built environment variables. Using IV Tobit models to address the endogeneity issues associated with residential location choice, our analyses show that these urbanizing villages actually provide relatively good accessibility to job opportunities. This result is different from what is suggested by the spatial mismatch literature based on U.S. data. This research helps to fill the gap in the literature on the relationship between residential segregation, built environment and travel behavior in the Chinese context. The findings have implications for policymaking, especially when many government officials are proposing to demolish urbanizing villages without fully realizing the benefits of these villages. This research could also provide useful information for other developing countries facing residential segregation of migrants or immigrants.     

加法与减法——中美城市交通综合治理的观察和思考

基于对中美城市交通的观察和思考,阐述不同的城市用地模式决定了不同的大众出行方式选择。借鉴美国的经验与教训,结合中国城市现状和发展需要,寻求缓解城市交通拥堵的方法与措施。指出中国大城市,特别是特大和超大城市,应重视公共交通系统的结构调整和完善。一是继续大力发展具有较高机动性和大运量的高铁、地铁和轻轨系统,构筑城际直达以及沿主要交通走廊布线的轨道交通网络层次;二是在此基础上,梳理地面巴士系统,使之定位于满足可达性需求的支线集散网络层次。最后,还探讨了其他一些相关措施,以减少低速、低效出行,做好综合治理城市交通的"加法"与"减法"。     

CBTC—RF信号系统下的驾驶模式及转换原则

重点分析阐述了信号系统采用CBTC-RF系统下的各种驾驶模式及模式间转换应遵循的原则。     

Activity patterns,time use,and travel of millennials: a generation in transition?

Millennials, defined in this study as those born between 1979 and 2000, became the largest population segment in the United States in 2015. Compared to recent previous generations, they have been found to travel less, own fewer cars, have lower driver’s licensure rates, and use alternative modes more. But to what extent will these differences in behaviour persist as millennials move through various phases of the lifecycle? To address this question, this paper presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey data series. In early adulthood, younger millennials (born 1988–1994) are found to spend significantly more time in-home than older millennials (born 1979–1985), which indicates that there are substantial differences in activity-time use patterns across generations in early adulthood. Older millennials are, however, showing activity-time use patterns similar to their prior generation counterparts as they age, although some differences – particularly in time spent as a car driver – persist. Millennials appear to exhibit a lag in adopting the activity patterns of predecessor generations due to delayed lifecycle milestones (e.g. completing their education, getting jobs, marrying, and having children) and lingering effects of the economic recession, suggesting that travel demand will resume growth in the future.     

论汉语的八大句类

由于思维定势的影响和理论背景的制约，汉语语法学界一直将现代汉语的句类模式定格在陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹的四分系统之中，句类划分理论上裹足不前、无法突破；操作上削足适履、无视事实。本文拟借鉴言语行为理论和认知心理学的研究成果，在整理分析大量汉语句子语料的基础上提出句子功能类型八分的模式，并进而分析八大句类的语用条件，从而构拟出一个全新的汉语句类系统。     

交通拥堵反思

通过对交通拥堵进行反思,认为交通拥堵是充满活力的成功城市的伴生品,应从不同角度考虑拥堵问题.提出了十项有别于传统观点的提议,主要包括:机动性至关重要,交通拥堵是社会、经济活力的象征;道路扩容效果短暂,并会诱发潜在需求,但仍可带来一定的社会、经济效益;土地使用对出行行为的改变需要长期的努力;紧凑型发展会加剧交通拥堵;降低...     

天津港回淤现状与回淤规律研究

根据天津港 1 994～ 1 998年实际维护疏浚工程参数的测定与分析 ,对全港的回淤状况有了充分认识 ,在此基础上 ,综合分析研究港域水文泥沙条件与回淤泥沙特性及影响回淤的主要因素 ,得出天津港现状下港池、航道泥沙、回淤强度分布计算式 ,并与实测资料进行了比较 ,两者结果相当一致