"三高"环境对船舶机电设备的影响

与东海、黄海以及北海相比,南海海域有着高温持续时间长、湿度大、盐度高的特点,文章通过对某船机电设备进行跟踪监测,探讨了“高温、高湿、高盐”环境对船舶机电设备的影响。经过理论分析及监测数据比较,发现“三高”环境会加快某些设备的腐蚀速度,严重降低电机的绝缘性能,但对机械设备的磨损影响不大。根据研究结果提出了有关装备使用的意见。     

利用绝对盐度参数的海水盐度新计算方法

通过总结前人工作和理论分析,简要介绍了海水盐度传统定义方法及其优缺点;详细叙述了采用绝对盐度来表述海水盐度新定义方法;概括比较了盐度新定义对盐度旧定义的改进之处,与实用盐度标度相比,利用绝对盐度作为表述盐度的参数具有多方面的优点。介绍了1种绝对盐度估计方法,对其发展进行了展望。     

南港—北槽洪枯季沿程水沙盐特性分析*

利用2012年2月及8月长江口南港—北槽大、小潮水文测验资料,从涨落潮历时、流速、含沙量及含盐度等方面 分析了南港—北槽洪枯季水沙盐纵向及垂向分布特征以及潮周期内含沙量变化特性。分析表明：南港—北槽沿程各垂线落 潮平均历时洪季整体较枯季长,涨潮平均历时洪季整体较枯季短,且小潮期洪、枯季的这种差异更为明显;南港—北槽洪 季落潮流速普遍大于枯季,涨潮流速普遍小于枯季;小潮期涨潮平均流速会出现近底层较表层大现象, 且CSW-CS3出现滞 流点;北槽中段—口外段洪季含沙量及垂向差异均较枯季大,南港圆圆沙段及北槽上段枯季含沙量较洪季大;潮周期内北 槽中段各垂线上层含沙量均较小,且变化幅度相对较小,但下层含沙量变化达数倍乃至十几倍之多,且涨憩时段近底层含沙 量可能特别高;洪枯季北槽中段均存在盐水楔,其位置洪季偏上、枯季偏下,最大浑浊带洪枯季位置变化与此基本一致。     

高盐高湿环境电务轨旁器材腐蚀寿命评估方法研究

在高盐高湿环境的海底隧道内,轨旁电务器材腐蚀情况较为严重,对信号传输和行车安全带来极大的隐患。通过对高盐高湿隧道环境调研,量化隧道内环境指标,结合隧道环境评估结果制定腐蚀加速实验的环境谱,在实验室进行加速盐雾试验,选取实验样品的失重比表征腐蚀程度,结合腐蚀动力学评价方法进行金属腐蚀寿命评估方法研究。为海底隧道轨旁金属器材的腐蚀寿命评估和腐蚀防护提供依据和方向。     

广东海门湾海域水文测验与分析

文章对海洋工程水文测验站位的布设、先进仪器设备的采用、数据处理与分析等进行了系统的介绍,为掌握工程附近海域海洋水文状况及海洋水文要素变化规律,为评估海洋工程对附近海域环境的影响,为数学模型研究、物理模型研究及工程设计所需基础数据提供了一个典型案例。     

氯盐渍土溶陷特性试验研究

通过对氯盐渍土进行溶陷试验,研究了氯盐渍土在不同含水量和含盐量条件下的溶陷变形特性,定性地分析了氯盐渍土溶陷系数与含水量、含盐量的关系。试验结果表明:氯盐渍土随着初始含水量的增大,溶陷系数下降,同时,峰值溶陷压力和峰值溶陷系数减小;在压力增加到一定值时,溶陷系数随着含盐量的增加而增大,随着含水量的增大而减小;在盐分刚开始溶解或溶解结束阶段,溶陷的敏感程度弱,而在中间阶段,溶陷的敏感性加强。     

海岸河口多功能数学模型软件包TK-2D的开发研制

从工程应用角度出发,以解决实际工程问题为目的,针对海岸河口海区的特点,开发了方便有效的多功能数学模型软件包TK-2D。TK-2D由主模块和辅助模块组成。主模块包括五个子模块,即“五场”:波浪场数学模型软件、潮流场数学模型软件、盐度场数学模型软件、悬沙场数学模型软件和地形冲淤场数学模型软件;辅助模块包括前处理软件、后处理软件和动态显示制作软件。大量实际工程的应用证明了TK-2D的实用性和有效性。     

Air–sea CO2 fluxes in the Caribbean Sea from 2002–2004

Air–sea fluxes in the Caribbean Sea are presented based on measurements of partial pressure of CO₂ in surface seawater, pCO_2sw, from an automated system onboard the cruise ship Explorer of the Seas for 2002 through 2004. The pCO_2sw values are used to develop algorithms of pCO_2sw based on sea surface temperature (SST) and position. The algorithms are applied to assimilated SST data and remotely sensed winds on a 1° by 1° grid to estimate the fluxes on weekly timescales in the region. The positive relationship between pCO_2sw and SST is lower than the isochemical trend suggesting counteracting effects from biological processes. The relationship varies systematically with location with a stronger dependence further south. Furthermore, the southern area shows significantly lower pCO_2sw in the fall compared to the spring at the same SST, which is attributed to differences in salinity. The annual algorithms for the entire region show a slight trend between 2002 and 2004 suggesting an increase of pCO_2sw over time. This is in accord with the increasing pCO_2sw due the invasion of anthropogenic CO₂. The annual fluxes of CO₂ yield a net invasion of CO₂ to the ocean that ranges from − 0.04 to − 1.2 mol m^− 2 year^− 1 over the 3 years. There is a seasonal reversal in the direction of the flux with CO₂ entering into the ocean during the winter and an evasion during the summer. Year-to-year differences in flux are primarily caused by temperature anomalies in the late winter and spring period resulting in changes in invasion during these seasons. An analysis of pCO_2sw before and after hurricane Frances (September 4–6, 2004), and wind records during the storm suggest a large local enhancement of the flux but minimal influence on annual fluxes in the region.     

Seasonal variability in sea surface oceanographic conditions in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean): an overview

Seasonal variability and the spatial distribution of sea surface temperatures (SST) and salinities (SSS) are reviewed, in relation to the prevailing climatological conditions, heat fluxes, water budget and general water circulation patterns. Within this context, consideration is given to: sea surface temperatures; air temperatures; precipitation; evaporation; wind speeds and directions; freshwater (mainly riverine) discharges throughout the Aegean; and the exchange of water masses with the Black Sea and eastern Mediterranean Sea. The investigation of satellite images, covering a 6-yr period (1988–1994), has enabled a synthesis of the monthly sea surface thermal distribution to be established.The climate of the Aegean Sea is characterised by annual air temperatures of 16–19.5°C, precipitation of about 500 mm yr⁻¹ and evaporation of some 4 mm d⁻¹. The Aegean has a negative heat budget (approximately −25 W m⁻²) and positive water balance (+ 1.0 m yr⁻¹), when inflow from the Black Sea is considered. During the summer, the (northerly) Etesians are the dominant winds over the Sea.Mean monthly sea surface temperatures (SST) vary from 8°C in the north during winter, up to 26°C in the south during summer. SST depends mainly upon air temperature; there is a month's delay between the former and latter maxima. The sea surface salinity (SSS) varies also spatially and seasonally, ranging from less than 31 psu, in the north, to more than 39 psu, in the southeast; lower values (< 25 psu) occur adjacent to the river mouths. SSSs present their maximum differences during summer, whilst during winter and autumn the distribution of SSS is more uniform. The overall spatial SST and SSS distribution pattern is controlled by: distribution of the (colder) Black Sea Waters; advection of the (warmer) Levantine Waters, from the southeastern part of the Aegean; upwelling and downwelling; and, to a lesser extent, but locally important, freshwater riverine inflows.     

基于FVCOM的象山港海域潮汐潮流与温盐结构特征数值模拟

基于有限体积法的FVCOM模型,建立了象山港海域的三维潮汐潮流和温盐数值模型,计算中考虑了潮流、风、太阳辐射和径流因素的影响。模拟结果与2009年的监测资料进行了对比验证,结果表明建立的模型可以模拟该海域的水流运动和温盐分布特征。通过对数值结果分析得到了该海域的同潮图、潮流椭圆图、潮流性质和温盐分布等。结果表明,象山港的潮汐属于非正规半日浅海潮;M2分潮流椭圆长轴从口门到湾顶逐渐减小,其走向与岸线的方向基本一致;狭湾内呈现往复流特征而口门外开阔海域呈旋转流特征。湾口和湾顶部有着显著的温度差和盐度差,海水温度由湾口向湾顶部逐渐增大,盐度分布则正好相反。狭湾内距离湾口不同位置的横向温度、盐度垂向分布结构特征各不相同。