Effect of seaweed proliferation on benthic habitat quality assessed by Sediment Profile Imaging

Changes in sediment quality, with special reference to benthic habitat conditions resulting from macroalgae overgrowth, were studied in the Venice Lagoon, Italy. Data were collected biweekly in spring and summer from 1993 to 1998 and from 2001 to 2002, as part of the macroalgae growth control strategies managed by the Venice Water Authority-Consorzio Venezia Nuova. Benthic habitat conditions were studied by means of Sediment Profile Imaging, which allowed the collection of several variables: aRPD (apparent redox potential discontinuity), prism penetration depth, presence of anoxia on the surface of the sediment, presence of reduced gas bubbles, stage of benthic colonization. All these variables led to the calculation of an environmental index (Organism–Sediment Index, OSI), which was then related to physical variables and macroalgae abundance. Until 1996, the overall benthic habitat of the Venice Lagoon showed almost stressed conditions; from 1997, the seaweed biomass rapidly declined and the OSI increased significantly. The OSI seemed to be affected by seaweed biomass, sediment compactness and water depth. Macroalgae biomass greater than 4.5 kg/m² led to the complete disappearance of stage III of benthic colonization; values as low as 0.70 kg m² already had a severe impact on recolonization. SPI attributes indicated the main mechanisms that could have contributed to the benthic quality: seaweed proliferation is often followed by rapid decay of macroalgae biomass, especially when present in large amounts. The decrease in seaweed biomass often results in oxygen depletion in the water column and thus in the sediment, preventing complete benthic colonization. This research confirms the importance of in situ rapid reconnaissance surveys to assess the impact of eutrophication on the benthic habitat.     

新型码头钢-混凝土组合面板

基于特殊需要,提出了带型钢加劲肋的钢板-混凝土组合板这一新型组合码头面板。以加劲肋形式、组合板厚度和栓钉布置为参数,进行了9块组合板的力学性能试验。试验结果表明,通过适当地选择型钢加劲肋形式、合理地布置栓钉和确定混凝土厚度,可以保证组合作用的发挥。组合板的正截面承载力可按基于修正平截面假定的极限状态计算;组合板的变形,可在按现行钢结构设计规范计算的基础上,加上考虑界面滑移影响的附加变形值予以修正。计算值与试验值吻合较好。     

清水冲刷河床调整过程试验研究

通过沙质河床清水冲刷水槽试验,对河床纵剖面的调整、沙波尺度、粗化层厚度及其与沙波运动关系、粗化层级配、推移质级配等进行了观测分析,进一步揭示了清水冲刷,河床重建平衡的机理。水槽试验表明,沙质河床清水冲刷,上游河段比降调平,床沙粗化,沙波发育,河床阻力增大,水深增大,流速减小,导致河床供沙能力削弱,输沙能力降低,冲刷向不冲刷转化。     

Ground truthing sediment profile imagery with traditional benthic survey data along an established disturbance gradient

Macrobenthic surveys are an expensive, slow and labour intensive means to establish the health of benthic communities. Sediment profile imagery (SPI) is a means of rapid reconnaissance for monitoring large areas of the benthos. SPI has often been used to monitor gross anthropogenic disturbance. The aim of this study is to determine if SPI can be used as a tool to reliably map change in communities along natural estuarine gradients. Macrobenthic sampling was carried out at five stations along an established estuarine gradient. This faunal data was analysed using standard multivariate techniques and to ground truth a concurrent SPI survey. Faunal analysis showed that habitat quality in Inner Galway Bay was generally good, with some localised disturbance from the River Corrib and the sewage out flow exterior to the city dock. Four distinct groups were identified with a degree of overlap occurring between stations 3 and 4. While existing SPI indices mapped habitat quality in the same manner as the faunal data for end member stations, the level of distinction between the habitats of an intermediate staging was found to be poor. This lack of distinction amongst the stage 2 and 3 stations was overcome by developing a tailored index, the Galway Bay index of habitat quality (GBHQ). This index was derived from the 5 observed variables in the SPI data that were determined to best match the faunal distribution by permutative mantel testing. The 5 observed variables from the SPI data were the depth of the apparent redox potential discontinuity (aRPD), the depth of penetration by the prism, and the presence/absence of infauna, surface faecal pellet layer and biogenic mounding. The GBHQ was able to distinguish between the 5 stations to a greater extent than previously described indices, showing clearly the separate groupings defined by the faunal data. The index was tested on a follow up SPI survey and shown to be applicable in mapping a broader range of habitats in Galway Bay. Indices generated for localised mapping of estuarine gradients should be derived from observed features and be ground truthed using faunal data. Some aspects of the GBHQ should be generally applicable to fine grained boreal estuarine sediments (aRPD/penetration), while others may be of limited utility in other locations depending on the digging characteristics of the particular SPI camera, and local factors influencing the persistence of biogenic features in the profile. This derivation technique provides a simple way to optimise SPI to particular studies and localities.     

基于蠕滑机理的重载货车车轮磨耗研究

在多体动力学分析软件包SIMPACK中建立重载货车动力学模型,基于轮轨蠕滑机理在MATLAB软件中编制车轮踏面磨耗仿真程序WWS.根据车轮磨耗仿真结果和现场实测结果对Zobory磨耗模型进行修正.研究车辆非理想状态对车轮磨耗的影响,分析轮轨型面和转向架结构对车辆非理想状态的适应性.通过钢轨表面滚动接触疲劳损伤特征的研究,对车轮滚动接触疲劳和磨耗耦合关系进行数值模拟.主要研究内容和结论如下.     

高速铁路钢轨打磨关键技术研究

根据我国高速铁路上运行车辆的车轮型面设计钢轨的预打磨轨头廓面.按照该预打磨轨头廓面对钢轨进行预打磨,可有效改善轮轨的接触状态.给出了适用于不同车轮型面的钢轨预打磨深度理论设计值以及适用于LMA和S1002G车轮型面的钢轨预打磨轨头廓面.关于预打磨后的实际轨头廓面与预打磨设计廓面的误差,在轨距角部位应控制在-0.1～0.3 mm范围内.建议我国高速铁路的钢轨打磨周期为每30～50 Mt通过总重打磨1次,对于无砟轨道取上限,有砟轨道取下限;关于60kg·m-1钢轨的预打磨深度,在轨距角部位应达到0.8～1.5 mm,在主要轮轨接触部位应大于0.3 mm;钢轨打磨后的表面粗糙度应小于10μm;采用48磨头打磨车时应打磨3～4遍,采用96磨头打磨车时应打磨2遍.     

我国高速铁路道岔尖轨廓形研究

对我国高速铁路道岔区钢轨运营现状进行总结分析,得出2种道岔区典型尖轨廓形。建立轮轨接触和动力学模型,分析尖轨廓形对应力分布特征和动力学性能的影响规律。分析结果表明:尖轨轨肩较低时将导致接触区域集中分布于非工作边侧,形成较高的应力水平,大幅增加产生接触伤损的风险,而采用设计廓形的尖轨应力水平较低,接触区域分布合理。尖轨廓形对道岔区动力学性能的影响较小,道岔区基本轨采用60N廓形可在一定程度上改善道岔区动力学性能。建议高速铁路道岔区尖轨、心轨机加工段廓形仍沿用现有尺寸参数,轨件非加工段采用60N廓形。     

LM磨耗形踏面轮对全廓形等级镟修的实现方法

介绍广州地铁直线电机车辆(L型车)轮对廓形镟修的现状,阐述了实现轮对全廓形等级镟修的重要意义。通过绘制廓形曲线,编制镟修程序,加工廓形检验模板,试验修正程序等工作实现了L型车的全廓形等级镟修功能。该研究推广后为广州地铁带来较大的经济效益,所介绍的方法及数据对同类研究具有借鉴意义。     

铁路客车轮对踏面硌伤自动分析系统的研究与实现

为了解决客车轮对踏面硌伤人工分析效率低且质量不高的问题,基于大数据关联分析技术,构建了一套硌伤自动分析系统。从硌伤排查、自动分析、故障定位、统计分析4个方面分析系统的主要组成和功能,探讨了实现系统的关键技术。系统的应用提高了对客车轮对踏面硌伤分析和故障排查的效率。     

基于激光位移传感器的车轮踏面磨耗检测方法研究

针对当前城轨车辆车轮踏面磨耗人工检测劳动强度高、检测精度低的问题,提出一种基于激光位移传感器的车轮踏面磨耗检测方法。首先在轨道外侧安装一组激光位移传感器进行车轮踏面数据采集;其次结合标准轮对踏面轮廓数据,采用数据预处理、坐标旋转、数据融合等算法获取实际车轮踏面轮廓线;最后根据踏面磨耗几何关系获得车轮踏面磨耗值。通过踏面磨耗检测误差分析以及现场标准轮对实验和过车实验表明,所提方法检测精度为±0.2 mm,抗干扰能力强,能够满足踏面磨耗检测实际要求。