城市公交线网差异化计程票价多目标优化

为获取更加接近实际城市公交线网的票价策略，将出行者的社会互动行为与后悔心理引入广义费用，提出线路客流OD矩阵均衡算法；分别以交通管理部门利润最大化及出行者效用最大化为目标，以公交计程票价、发车频率、私家车停车费为变量，建立固定需求下公交线网差异化计程票价多目标优化模型.引入集群智能多目标优化算法求解，并应用于Mandl 标准公交线网.研究发现：以线路里程为标准，差异化计程票制可以有效降低出行成本；依据帕累托最优解调节票价，可以促进出行者选择行为向优势均衡转移.     

Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

考虑高铁客运产品间交叉弹性的动态票价策略

将由特定高铁列车所提供的起讫点间的旅客运输服务定义为单个高铁客运产品。随着高速铁路越来越"公交化",同一起讫点间客运产品间的可替代性越来越强,票价的调整有了更精细化的要求。用经济学中的交叉弹性理论描述客运产品间的可替代程度,用指数需求函数描述客运产品的需求与票价的关系,构建并求解高铁动态票价优化模型,对客运产品间不同可替代程度下的最优动态票价策略进行研究。结果显示:高铁客运产品间的可替代性会影响票价策略的选择,且客运产品间可替代程度的增加是否有利于客票收益的提高与可行折扣票价集合的选取有关。     

多模式交通环境下上海居民职住选择行为

随着城市尺度不断扩张,由职住分离带来的长距离、长时间通勤交通问题日益严重。为研究多模式交通环境上海居民职住位置选择行为及其影响因素,基于网络问卷调查数据、上海市路网数据及房价数据,构建方式选择与目的地选择联合模型,按照选择次序,分析各出行方式的服务水平和房价等变量对居住地和工作地的选择影响。结果表明,居民倾向于选择通勤距离近、交通可达性良好、房价低和人文生活环境较好的小区工作生活,同时年长者和低收入群体对通勤距离和房价更敏感。     

高速铁路动态定价与票额分配协同优化研究

目前我国高速铁路票价制定还比较缺乏灵活的市场化机制,严重影响铁路运输企业收益和服务水平的提高。基于高速铁路旅客出行规律和收益管理策略,研究高速铁路动态定价与票额分配协同优化方法。在分析旅客出行价格需求弹性的基础上,构建基于Logit模型的客流弹性函数,考虑临近发车客票不涨价和运输能力等约束,建立以期望客票总收入最大化为目标的优化模型,设计一种基于超分方程的分步算法,求解不同时段下不同列车的最优票价与票额分配方案。以京沪高速铁路为例进行计算和分析,与固定费率票价相比,动态票价策略能保证服务水平,系统总客流需求下降0.73%,企业客票总收益提高4.95%。     

从大莱龙铁路投标谈如何提高报价内涵质量

通过复核工程数量、合理计算运杂费和灵活编制补充单价,以及在认真检查计算过程中存在的问题等方面,简述提高报价内涵质量.     

广州地铁新线车站的票务筹备组织

新线车站的票务筹备工作是保障地铁车站高水平开通的关键环节,从票务设备、票务规章、员工票务培训、票务备品物资、票务联调演练、开通前票务评估6个方面开展广州地铁新线车站的票务筹备组织工作,确保开通后车站票务工作安全、顺畅、有序。     

地铁商业物业租赁定价实证研究

结合地铁商业物业租赁的行业背景,对影响地铁沿线商铺定价的客观因素进行分析,并以武汉市的样本为例进行实证分析,建立地铁沿线商铺定价的特征价格模型。在此价格模型基础上,根据地铁商业物业自身特点进行整租模式、终端商铺模式等因素修正,最终构建地铁公司的商业物业租赁定价模型。该模型通过结合特征价格模型和修正因子,在一定程度上克服了传统市场化定价方法的主观性,有利于完善传统商业地产的租赁定价模式,为地铁物业的商业租赁定价提供参考。     

综合单价风险评估研究及应用

工程量清单计价模式下,建筑市场的公开竞争促使施工企业科学地运用决策分析以获取项目。清单招标一般都采用单价合同,投标人要承担组价的全部风险,而出于种种原因,综合单价中的风险费用一直未得到投标人的充分重视。此文在深入理解综合单价的基础上,系统地分析了报价风险,以此为基础构建风险分析和评估数学模型;再以随机抽样为主要手段,运用蒙特卡罗模拟技术对模型进行风险分析,得出综合单价风险概率分布,从而为投标人的报价决策提供依据。综合单价报价风险决策方法的研究对施工企业投标报价风险分析和评估具有积极的意义。     

工程建设实施阶段材料价差调整计算方法探讨

铁路工程建设项目投资受国家政策和建筑市场物价变化等因素的影响,为有效控制工程项目投资,工程施工阶段需对材料价差进行动态调整。材料价差调整政策性强、工作量大、要求精细。此文在阐述材料价差调整依据及程序的基础上,对甲供材料和施工企业自购材料价差调整的原则及计算方法进行分析与探讨,提出可采用的计算方法。并结合工程实例进行材料价差调整的计算,验证其计算方法的可行性与可用性。