城市交通公平性分析及对策

城市道路的交通公平性有利于建设和谐、公平的城市,在交通公平的定义以及它的三层含义的基础上,陈述了交通公平在时间、空间和内容上的内涵。分析城市道路交通公平的影响因素及其判断标准,阐述了快速公交符合城市道路交通公平的判断标准是它有利于大多数人的出行,满足弱势群体的出行要求,并应具有低成本、高质量的优点。最后,以北京市BRT的实践表明快速公交是提高城市交通公平性的有效措施。     

Behavior-consistent information-based network traffic control for evacuation operations

The evacuation operations problem aims to avoid or mitigate the potential loss of life in a region threatened or affected by a disaster. It is shaped to a large extent by the evolution of evacuation traffic resulting from the demand–supply interactions of the associated transportation network. Information-based control is a strategic tool for evacuation traffic operations as it can enable greater access to the affected population and more effective response. However, comparatively few studies have focused on the implementation of information-based control in evacuation operations. This study develops a control module for evacuation operations centered on addressing the demand–supply interactions by using behavior-consistent information strategies. These strategies incorporate the likely responses of evacuees to the information provided in the determination of route guidance information. The control module works as an iterative computational process involving an evacuee route choice model and a control model of information strategies to determine the route guidance information to direct evacuation traffic so as to approach a desired network traffic flow pattern. The problem is formulated as a fuzzy logic based optimization framework to explicitly incorporate practical concerns related to information dissemination characteristics and social equity in evacuation operations. Numerical experiments highlight the importance of accounting for the demand–supply interactions, as the use of behavior-consistent information strategies can lead evacuee route choices to approach the operator-desired proportions corresponding to the desired traffic pattern. The results also indicate that while a behavior-consistent information strategy can be effective, gaps with the desired route proportions can exist due to the discrete nature of the linguistic messages and the real-world difficulty in accurately modeling evacuees’ actual route choice behavior.     

Trade-offs between mobility and equity maximization under environmental capacity constraints: A case study of an integrated multi-objective model

This paper investigates the performance of a policy decision tool proposed for multi-objective decision under different policy interventions. This tool deals with the trade-off between mobility and equity maximization under environmental capacity constraints. Two system objectives, maximization of mobility and equity, are formulated in terms of the sum of total car ownership and number of trips, and the differences in accessibility between zones. Environmental capacities are based on production efficiency theory in which the frontier emission under maximum system efficiency is taken as environmental capacity. To examine the performance of the proposed model, three types of hypothetical policies (network improvement, population increase and urban sprawl) are formulated. Effects are simulated using data pertaining to Dalian City, China. Results show that the proposed model is capable of representing the trade-offs between mobility and equity based on different policy interventions. Compared with two extreme cases with the single objective of mobility maximization or equity maximization, the Pareto-optimal solutions provide more interesting practical options for decision makers. Taking the solution based on the maximum equity as an example, the policy of urban sprawl yields the most significant improvement in both emission and accessibility of the three scenarios.     

论中国土地资本化中的利益分配问题

中国有关土地问题社会矛盾产生的前提，是土地资本化的必然趋势；产生的经济基础，是土地资本化中的利益分配格局。这种分配显示了利益向开发商倾斜的格局。构成这种格局的根源，是中国特殊的“内公外私”产权制度，以及经济起飞阶段普遍存在的产业资本稀缺性。在特定历史阶段形成这种利益分配格局是必然的，从一定意义上来说也是合理的。此外，从来不存在“起点公平”的分配。     

基于Wilson熵分布假设的交通公平性量化评价模型

在对交通公平性的量化评价方法进行考察的基础上,从效益分配符合"W ilson熵分布"的假设出发,尝试建立了群体决策型的公平性量化评价模型,该模型综合考虑了区域公平性和不同群体效益归属公平性.对于模型的分析表明交通设施的群体决策型公平性量化评价模型具有最佳解.同时通过数学方法可以证明建立的基于"W ilson熵分布"假设的交通公平性量化评价模型能很好地体现对于弱势群体和不发达区域的效益"补偿"作用.分析结果表明该模型用于交通公平性评价是合理、可行的.     

地区公路项目兼顾效率与公平的优先级评价

政府投资的地区公路项目受到建设资金制约,在考虑项目建设效益的同时需兼顾地区的均衡发展.文中在总结前人研究成果的基础上,建立计量经济学的面板数据回归模型,采用GMM方法进行模型参数估计.模型采用年鉴数据,利用专业软件进行回归分析.并将回归分析的结果与前人的研究进行对比,对模型在中国部分省的适用性进行了评价.根据对实际案例的评价结果表明,评价模型具有很好的实用性.     

公路交通混合所有制经济研究——PPP框架下建立高速公路股权投资基金的思考

高速公路建设资本金不足,特别是地方自筹资金的缺失,是影响公路建设债务风险的重要因素之一.通过政策分析与行业实践相结合的研究方法,分析了混合所有制经济对公路交通建设投融资的指导意义,研究了PPP模式的特点及其应用条件.研究结果表明:在PPP框架下建立高速公路股权投资基金,代表社会投资者以优先股的方式投资49％的高速公路股权,既保证投资人有合理稳定的回报,又解决了高速公路项目资本金的实际到位问题,促进公路交通行业逐步建立可持续发展的长效机制.同时,交通主管部门以持有普通股的方式进行管理,并不丧失对公路的管理权,可以保证高速公路公益性的一面,以及政府对公路收费政策的管控权,从而形成以PPP模式为基础的高速公路混合所有制经济新常态.     

合乘模式下司机收入公平模型及仿真

针对出租车合乘模式下司机的收入问题,建立了合乘模式下司机收入公平心理模型,采用公平理论分析了司机的心理及行为,通过仿真计算,分析了合乘模式下乘客总需求量及司机公平心理对司机收入的影响.研究结果表明,乘客总需求对合乘模式下司机总体的平均收入有较大的影响,合适的供需比下实施合乘才能提高司机收入;在供需比较大时,司机争抢乘客的行为会导致司机个体收入差距增大,部分司机收入降低的现象;为成功实施合乘模式,必须考虑当地出租车市场的供需比情况,并且建立合理的措施以防范司机争抢乘客的行为出现.所得结论对出租车合乘政策的制定与管理有一定的指导意义.     

兼顾公平与效率的入口匝道协调控制

为解决高速公路匝道控制片面追求控制效率而忽略交通公平性的问题,提出一种兼顾公平与效益的入口匝道协调控制策略.定义排队延误基尼系数,有效刻画匝道控制的公平性.基于宏观交通流模型,构建双目标优化模型,优化目标包含反映控制效率的总旅行时间和反映公平性的基尼系数.改进差分演化算法的约束惩罚和罚函数构造方法,使差分演化算法能适于约束多目标优化问题的求解.应用研究表明,改进差分演化方法能获取Pareto最优解,决策者可根据个人喜好选择满意解.     

Fuel price changes and their impacts on urban transport – a literature review using bibliometric and content analysis techniques, 1972–2017

ABSTRACT

While the period of heightened oil prices in 2005–2014 has attracted considerable academic and policy attention, there is scant cross-disciplinary research considering energy price, transport and land use together. In car dependent societies many socio-economically disadvantaged areas often lack public and active transport accessibility. Emerging research focus has been placed on issues of transport equity including effects of fuel prices. We reviewed 45 years (1972–2017) of publications about fuel price impacts, transport, and urban context, drawn from Web of Science listed publications. Bibliographic citation analysis reveals eight major research clusters with a set of inter-city comparative studies at their centre. The historical evolution, geographical trends, research approaches and the key themes are revealed by context analysis. The paper highlights the need for further studies looking at energy, transport and land use interaction, and suggests a greater focus on transport equity.