跟驰过程中驾驶员认知结构模型的建立

在道路交通4要素中(人、车、路、环境),人以其主动性和智慧性起着支配作用,是其中的主体要素。基于认知心理学的有关知识,论文采用因子分析法对五轮仪实验系统观测到的车辆跟驰数据进行分析,确定了对车辆跟驰信息提取过程有独立作用的4个因素,相应地将驾驶员认知过程划分为4个阶段,建立了车辆跟驰过程的驾驶员认知结构模型。为驾驶行为研究和车辆跟驰模型的建立提供了理论基础。     

Mental models of driving and speed: biases,choices and reality

This paper provides a review of research performed by Svenson with colleagues and others work on mental models and their practical implications. Mental models describe how people perceive and think about the world including covariances and relationships between different variables, such as driving speed and time. Research on mental models has detected the time-saving bias [Svenson, O. (1970). A functional measurement approach to intuitive estimation as exemplified by estimated time savings. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 86, 204–210]. It means that drivers relatively overestimate the time that can be saved by increasing speed from an already high speed, for example, 90–130?km/h, and underestimate the time that can be saved by increasing speed from a low speed, for example, 30–45?km/h. In congruence with this finding, mean speed judgments and perceptions of mean speeds are also biased and higher speeds given too much weight and low speeds too little weight in comparison with objective reality. Replacing or adding a new speedometer in the car showing min per km eliminated or weakened the time-saving bias. Information about braking distances at different speeds did not improve overoptimistic judgments of braking capacity, but information about collision speed with an object suddenly appearing on the road did improve judgments of braking capacity. This is relevant to drivers, politicians and traffic regulators.     

海员胜任力结构及其评价标准初步研究

对129名海员进行了5项6个心理指标的测试。通过专家咨询法确定海员胜任力检测指标体系的权重系数，构建了海员胜任力特征结构模型与综合评价模型。提出了40岁以下和以上年龄海员的胜任力评价标准。     

低碳消费中公益广告的角色分析

本文通过对消费者信息处理过程的阶段分析,阐述低碳消费的观念作为公益广告的形式在传播中的信息传达阶段和信息扩散阶段的流程节点。在公益广告传播中要通过各种表现形式引导消费者对低碳消费信息认知,其次从正面的信息传达和反面的＂警钟诉求＂来塑造大众与低碳消费信息的情感,最后通过直接的信息诉求激励和间接的降低＂充欲主义＂的影响来促使消费行为发生乃至形成习惯。     

铁路计算机通信网络管理的认识和对策

通过对网络管理功能定位、网管软件核心作用,以及新时期铁路计算机通信网络新任务的叙述,分析当今铁路计算机通信网络应用中所存在的认识误区和不足,并从铁路计算机通信网络今后应用发展趋势的视角出发,提出了相应的对策措施和建议,供有关部门和人员参考。     

认知视角下的英语词义历时变化

从古英语时期到现在,英语中有许多词汇被赋予了新的内涵。文章分析了词义历时变化的几种类型：词义的扩大、缩小、扬升、降格和转移,并针对上述类型予以实例辅证,进而阐释其认知渊源。