接地面部分溶化条件下冰面轮胎摩托车的研究

综合运用流体动力润滑理论的能量守恒定律，提出了接地面部分溶化条件下冰面上汽车轮胎的摩擦力或牵引力的理论计算模型。证明了正常工作条件下，接地面上冰产生溶化的可能，对不同制动和驱动条件下轮胎摩托车进行了计算，取得了同试验数据吻合很好的预测结果，并同已有预测模型进行了比较，比较结果表明：本文依据严格的润滑理论所推导的冰面轮胎牵引力模型比其它已有理论模型更接近试验结果。     

接地面全熔化条件下冰面轮胎摩擦力的预测

依据流体动力润滑理论和热平衡原理，提出了接地面全熔化条件下冰面轮胎摩擦力的预测模型。结果表明，受不同因素的影响，摩擦系数变化趋势的模型预测同实验结果极为相似，文中分析讨论了影响摩擦力的主要因素，认杰表面模型，滑移率和界面温升等的影响应作为今后相关领域的研究重点。     

表面粗糙度对冰路面上滑动轮胎摩擦牵引力影响的研究

依据能量守恒定律和冰的摩擦熔化理论，考虑冰面和轮胎胎面的表面粗糙度，建立了摩擦界面冰完全熔化条件下轮胎的牵引力预测模型。给出了预测模型中接地胎面温度的选择原则。研究表明，该模型可较好地预测不同条件下轮胎在冰路面上的摩擦牵引力，表面粗糙度的影响随车辆行驶速度的提高而增大。     

利用模态参数对轮胎纯侧偏特性建模

在轮胎静生趣特怀建模的基础上，探讨了利用轮胎模态参数对轮胎纯侧偏特性的建模。通过侧向激振试验提取了轮胎的侧向模态参数并计算了轮胎在不同载荷下的偏离特性，计算结果与以往轮胎的试验结果具有很好的一致性。计算结果转化为无量纲形式并与经验模型进行了比较，建模和计算结果充分说明了模型的合理并显示了建模方法的优越性。     

基于环模型的轮胎有限元建模与仿真研究

为了提高仿真模型的计算效率,基于环模型理论系统研究了轮胎二维有限元模型的建模技术、参数确定方法和轮胎包容特性分析技术.从试验与仿真结果对比分析可知,利用有限元方法基于轮胎REF模型建模,在对轮胎胎侧弹性进行非线性模型修正后,得到的轮胎低速滚动仿真结果与试验结果基本吻合,验证了轮胎模型的有效性,同时为车辆一地面系统虚拟试验提供了一种实时高精度的轮胎面内特性仿真建模方法.     

动态载荷下轮胎侧偏特性的理论及试验研究

提出了在动载和时变印迹长度下轮胎的接触历程概念,导出了计算动载时轮胎接地印迹内各点接触历程的入迹方程,阐明轮胎动载侧偏力学特性建模机理,克服了动载侧偏特性理论建模的一个基本障碍,建立了考虑胎体平移弹性小幅动载时的理论模型,并提出了轮胎动载侧偏特性的半经验模型,进行了相应的试验研究,给出了试验结果与模型计算结果的比较。     

轮胎冰面抓地性能与胎面磨损关联性研究

文章分析了雪地胎寒区性能研究的必要性以及国内雪地胎的使用现状,通过将新轮胎和经过1万公里磨损之后的轮胎进行冰面制动及冰面加速性能对比试验,研究雪地胎冰面抓地性能与胎面磨损之间的关联性。试验结果表明,轮胎的冰面抓地性能随着使用中胎面的磨损发生改变,新轮胎的冰面抓地性能并不能反应该轮胎在整个生命周期中的性能状况。     

子午线轮胎静态接触有限元分析及试验研究

对子午线轮胎195／60R14进行了三维非线性有限元分析及试验研究。在有限元模型中考虑了轮胎的几何非线性、材料非线性、轮胎与轮辋过盈配合以及轮胎接触非线性。得出了轮胎与地面接触过程中轮胎的变形情况、接触压力分布、载荷-变形关系等结果。采用连续加载、卸载方式，开展了轮胎准静态负荷试验。实时记录了试验中轮胎受力与变形关系，并采用压力敏感膜测量了轮胎接地区域内的压力分布状况。计算结果和试验结果符合较好。     

长大纵坡路段轮胎接地压力分布的研究

轮胎形式与长大纵坡对于沥青路面的影响难以通过目前的均布荷载的分析得出,从而会低估荷载对路面造成的损伤.为此,利用有限元软件建立载重子午线轮胎与纵坡路段路面结构耦合的有限元模型,分析不同坡度条件下的轮胎接地压力分布,并模拟车辆爬坡过程,分析一定坡度条件下车辆受不同牵引力作用的轮胎接地压力分布.结果表明,通过建立轮胎-路面耦合的有限元模型,在路面模型建立过程中通过设置纵坡进行长大纵坡段轮胎接地压力分布的研究,在长大纵坡条件下的行车荷载对于路面的作用力在切向以及法向上都呈现出非均布特征,数值也都大大高于标准胎压.在坡度为6％,考虑牵引力系数为0.5时,坡面切向接地压力最大值达到法向接地压力最大值的95％,即达到1.23 MPa.     

利用试验模态参数建立轮胎非稳态侧偏模型

在对轮胎垂直特性和稳态侧偏特性建模的基础上，利用由轮胎模态试验提取的试验模态参数建立了轮胎非稳态侧偏模型，该模型考虑了印迹的动态变形和胎宽的影响，对印迹进行离散化并初步计入了速度对非稳态性的影响，推导出侧向力和回正力矩关于侧向位移和摆动角的传递函数的解析公式，可以计算不同载荷下的非稳态特性，计算结果与文献中的试验结果相符，建模和计算结果说明利用试验模态参数可以方便地建立轮胎的非稳态特性，计算结果与     

胎面单元对轮胎薄膜湿牵引性能的影响

在潮湿的天气或雨后，轮胎胎面或路面上存在一层很薄的水膜，该水膜使车辆行驶的牵引力降低。建立了轮胎胎面单元挤压膜问题的数学模型，并进行了数值求解，分析了胎面单元的几何参数，液膜厚度和柔性对轮胎薄膜湿牵引性能的影响，为轮胎胎面花纹的合理设计提供了理论依据。     

Shear Force Development by Pneumatic Tyres in Steady State Conditions: A Review of Modelling Aspects

SUMMARY

Modelling of the generation of shear forces by pneumatic tyres under steady state conditions is reviewed. The review is placed in a practical context, through reference to the uses to which models may be put by the vehicle dynamicist and the tyre designer. It will be of interest also to the student of rolling contact problems.

The subject is divided into sections, covering physically founded models which require computation for their solution, physically based models which are sufficiently simplified to allow analytical solutions and formula based, empirical models. The classes are more nearly continuous than this strict division would imply, since approximations in obtaining analytical solutions may be made, empirical correction factors may be applied to analytical results and formula based methods may take into account tyre mechanical principles. Such matters are discussed in the relevant sections. Attention is given to the important matter of choosing model parameters to best represent the behaviour of a particular tyre.

Conclusions relate to the structural and frictional mechanisms present in the shear force generation process, the contributions of carcass and tread elastic properties and of geometrical and frictional factors to the determination of the distributions of force through the contact region, the relationship between accuracy and computational load and the selection of methods for modelling tyre forces in a road vehicle dynamics context. Reference to the most pertinent literature in the field is made and possibilities for the further development of the state of the art are mentioned.     

A novel semi-empirical tyre model for combined slips

A new tyre-force model for simultaneous braking and cornering is presented, which is based on combining existing empirical models for pure braking and cornering with brush-model tyre mechanics. The aim is to offer an easy-to-use, accurate model for vehicle-handling simulations. On a working tyre the contact patch between the tyre and the road is, in general, divided into an adhesion region where the rubber is gripping the road and a sliding region where the rubber slides on the road surface. The total force generated by the tyre is then composed of components from these two regions. The brush model describes this in a mechanical framework. The proposed model is based on a new method to extract adhesion and sliding forces from empirical pure-slip tyre models. These forces are then scaled to account for the combined-slip condition. The combined-slip self-aligning torque is also described. A particular feature of the model is the inclusion of velocity dependence, even if this is not explicitly present in the empirical pure-slip model. The approach is quite different from most previous combined-slip models, in that it is based on a rather detailed mechanical model in combination with empirical pure-slip models. The model is computationally sound and efficient and does not rely on any additional parameters that depend on combined-slip data for calibration. It can be used in combination with virtually any empirical pure-slip model and in this work the Magic Formula is used in examples. Results show good correspondence with experimental data.     

Investigation of Features of Tyre Rolling at Non-Small Velocities on the Basis of a Simple Tyre Model with Distributed Mass Periphery

SUMMARY

On the basis of the brush-type tyre model the paper considers the interaction between steady-state rolling deformable wheel and flat road surface as well as corresponding force and moment characteristics of the wheel.

At least two zones of sliding, anisotropic dry friction, sliding friction coefficient speed-dependent and instantaneous leap of the friction coefficient when transition from sliding to adhesion zone occurs, have been taken into account, as well as distributed peripheral mass of tyre, elasticity, pseudo-dry friction and damping properties in radial, tangential and lateral directions of the elements at the wheel periphery, including a visco-elastic belt. Vertical force distribution in the contact area is not supposed to be known in advance and follows from the calculation. As a result, sliding zone lengths, distributed forces in contact area, six components of generalized road reaction reduced to the wheel center, and rolling resistance moment are found as functions of vertical load, movement velocity, longitudinal and side slip, friction in contact area with road, stiffnesses, dry friction and damping in the tyre model elements and of distributed peripheral mass.

A computer program developed in Fortran and results of calculations are of particular interest for qualitative analysis including steady rolling of studded tyre and also racing car and aircraft tyres which peripheral mass shows itself in a special way because of great movement velocities.     

Geometric-based tyre vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation for automotive and unmanned vehicle applications

Advanced empirical, and physical-based tyre models have proven to be accurate for simulating tyre dynamics; however, these tyre models typically require expensive and intensive tyre parameterisation. Recent research into wheeled unmanned ground vehicles requiring vertical force analysis has shown good results using a simple linear spring model for the tyre which demonstrate the continued use for simple tyre models; however, parameterisation of the tyre still remains a challenge when load test equipment is not available. This paper presents a cost-effective tyre vertical stiffness parameterisation procedure using only measured tyre geometry and air pressure for applications where high-fidelity tyre models are unnecessary. Vertical forces calculated through an air volume optimisation approach are used to estimate tyre vertical stiffness. Nine tyres from the literature are compared to evaluate the performance of the vertical force estimation and stiffness parameterisation algorithms. Experimental results on a pair of ATV tyres are also presented.     

Tractor Handling during Control Loss on Sloping Ground

Tractor behaviour on sloping ground following a control loss due to rear wheel locking is examined. A mathematical model to predict the tractor trajectory is presented and the results obtained from this model are compared with those obtained from experiments with a remotely controlled tractor.

Reasonable agreement is reached between measured and predicted results - the discrepancies arise from limited tyre data or local random variations in slope, ground roughness or tyre/ground frictional values.

Within these limitations, the model is used to examine possible driver strategies following a control loss. Applying and maintaining full lock for this particular type of accident appears to improve safety; it certainly tends to avoid the worst situation in which the tractor accelerates backwards down the slope and reaches dangerously high speeds although inevitably it increases the likelihood of a low speed overturn.     

Prediction of Tyre-Road Friction with an Inverted-Boat Shaped Pressure Distribution

In this paper, a predictive model is formulated to describe the frictional forces between the tyre and road. The model is based on an inverted-boat normal pressure distribution. The determination of the input parameters is simplified by the suggested stationary point approach for calculation of the frictional coefficients, which are analytically obtained. The verification of the established model shows that the predicted values are in a good agreement with measured data. A sensitivity study of the shape factors demonstrates that it is necessary to take the unsymmetric normal pressure distribution proposed in this paper into consideration to accurately predict frictional forces.     

Tyre friction behaviour under abrupt wheel torque transients on slippery road surfaces: experimental analysis and modelling

The paper shows that, during abrupt wheel torque transients for ice surface and low vehicle speeds, the tyre can develop significantly larger longitudinal force than the peak value of the tyre static curve. This so-called dynamic tyre friction potential (DTFP) effect has many influencing factors such as the rate of change of the wheel torque, the vehicle speed, and the tyre dwell time. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the DTFP behaviour based on the experimental data collected by using an in-wheel motor-based tyre test vehicle. The analysis results and an insight into the brush structure of a tyre model lead to the hypothesis that the different influencing factors may be predominantly explained by the bristle dwell time (BDT) effect. Following this hypothesis, the LuGre model of the tyre friction dynamics is extended with a physical BDT sub-model. The experimental validation results show that the proposed model can accurately capture the low-speed tyre–ice friction behaviour during abrupt wheel torque transients.     

沙漠车在塔克拉玛干沙漠牵引通过性能的试验研究

设计制造了一套沙漠车模引的电测试验装置，对浙江省车在塔克拉玛干沙漠中行驶时的驱动桥扭矩，挂钩力，动裁，车速，车轮轮速等参数进行了现场测量，得出了沙漠车在不同轮胎气压下的牵引系数，牵引效率和动阻力系试验结果对沙性性能的评价和改进具有指导意义。