中英码头船舶靠泊撞击能设计规范对比分析

对比分析了中、英规范关于码头船舶靠泊撞击能设计方面的差异,并通过实例进行了验算。研究结果表明:中国水运行业规范对影响船舶靠泊撞击能的因素考虑不全,计算结果偏小,动能系数取值不尽合理。建议修订计算公式中系数的种类和取值。同时,为海外项目船舶靠泊撞击能设计提供理论参考。     

无粘结柔性管抗拉伸层结构分析

柔性管抗拉伸层是复杂的空间螺旋线结构,其结构响应分析对柔性管疲劳分析、强度分析和屈曲分析有重要作用。文章基于曲梁理论,应用斜驶螺旋线假设和测地线假设两种空间曲线公式,以空间细长杆理论及胡克定律本构方程为基础,采用格林应变张量与第二Kirchoff应力张量度量,对深海无粘结柔性管抗拉伸层螺旋形钢缆结构平衡方程进行了推导,编写了分析程序。利用该程序,分析了抗拉伸层钢缆在轴对称载荷下和弯矩作用下的曲率变化和结构响应;同时利用三维直梁有限元模型与曲梁有限元模型建立数值模型,将程序结果与数值模拟模型结果进行了对比,证明了结果可行性。该结果可为柔性管抗拉伸层结构设计提供快速的预估计方法。     

钢框架内嵌带竖缝钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构性能研究

对钢框架内嵌竖缝剪力墙结构进行研究，考虑混凝土材料非线性的影响，通过非线性有限元程序，分析钢框架内嵌竖缝剪力墙结构在水平荷载作用下的力学性能．结果表明：竖缝剪力墙在加载过程中，首先在竖缝附近发生开裂，主要分布在缝间墙上，并以细小裂缝为主，这是由于竖缝剪力墙承担了自身开裂膨胀而产生的约束轴力．从竖缝剪力墙的应力和裂缝分布图可以得出，剪力墙的变形主要是以弯曲变形为主，缝间墙的变形类似于壁柱．在加载过程中，竖缝剪力墙刚度下降缓慢，利于与钢框架共同工作，适合在抗震区使用．     

Nonlinear analysis of short concrete-filled double skin tube columns subjected to axial compressive forces

Proper material constitutive models for concrete-filled double skin tube (CFDST) columns with circular cross-section and subjected to axial compressive forces are proposed and verified against experiment data using the nonlinear finite element program Abaqus. It is shown that CFDST columns can provide a good confining effect for concrete core, especially when the diameter-to-thickness ratios of both the outer and the inner tubes are small. In addition, empirical equations are proposed to predict the lateral confining pressure of the concrete core for CFDST columns. Finally, the axial strengths of the CFDST columns calculated by the proposed formulations are compared with AISC formulations against the experimental data. It has been shown that the proposed formulations are better than the AISC formulations.     

Numerical simulation of fatigue crack propagation under biaxial tensile loadings with phase differences

Fatigue crack propagation under the biaxial tensile loading, which loading directions are normal and parallel to the initial crack position, is highlighted in this study. Most of in-service structures and vessels are subjected to many types of loading. Generally, these loadings have different axial components with different phases. However, the structural integrities of structures and vessels are evaluated according to design codes based on theoretical and experimental investigations under a uniaxial loading condition. Most of these codes are based on the S–N curves approach. An approach that does not use S–N curves has been favored by researchers, with the fracture mechanics approach preferred for evaluating the fatigue life of structures. An advanced fracture mechanics approach was developed based on the Re-tensile Plastic zone Generating (RPG) stress criterion for fatigue crack propagation. In this study, fatigue crack propagation tests under biaxial loading with six different phase and loading conditions are performed and the effect of the phase difference under biaxial loading is evaluated. A numerical simulation method of fatigue crack propagation based on the RPG stress criterion under different biaxial loading phase conditions is presented and compared to measured data.     

有效应力强度因子幅值计算模型的验证

裂纹闭合效应在金属疲劳中有着十分重要的作用,裂纹闭合概念已经用于解释变幅载荷作用下的裂纹扩展问题,已提出了许多基于裂纹闭合概念的有效应力强度因子计算模型.黄等人在Newman模型的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面且便于应用的有效应力强度因子幅计算模型以及变幅载荷下工程结构疲劳寿命预测模型.为了验证该模型对不同材料的有效性和适应性,收集了一些相关的试验数据,和该模型的预测结果对比发现该模型的预测结果和试验数据符合得很好.对几种钢、铝合金和钛合金材料在不同应力比下的裂纹扩展速率数据用该模型转换成用有效应力强度因子表示的裂纹扩展速率,结果表明由有效应力强度因子幅表示的扩展速率将不同应力比下较分散的裂纹扩展率数据集中在一个很小的分散带内,同时得到了有参考价值的的一些结论.     

圆柱壳大开孔补强的应力集中分析

针对潜艇耐压壳体上大开孔补强处的应力集中现象,结合工程实际问题,采用规范和有限元法对潜艇耐压壳体上大开孔不同补强形式进行了研究,建立了相应的模型,并求出了应力集中系数。通过对两种方法的计算结果进行分析比较,发现当围壁加强时,最大周向应力处的弯曲应力不容忽视。结果说明,用有限单元法进行大开孔补强结构设计是合理、有效的,是对规范计算的完善和补充。     

Strain rate sensitive steel constitutive models for finite element analysis of vessel-structure impacts

Civil infrastructure systems such as bridge piers, navigational guide walls, and protection structures that are located near navigable waterways are inherently at risk for being impacted by cargo vessels such as barges and ships. To safely design such systems to possess adequate vessel impact resistance, structural loads associated with potential vessel-structure collision conditions must be quantified in a conservative manner. While high-resolution finite element impact simulations may be employed to compute such loads, care must be exercised in defining the material characteristics of the vessel if conservative structural design loads are to be obtained. Importantly, constitutive relationships assigned to steel components in the vessel model must be capable of accounting for strain rate sensitivities and large-scale plastic deformations.In the present study, strain rate sensitive constitutive models were developed for two types of steel commonly utilized in marine construction in the United States—ASTM A36 and ASTM A1011. Tension tests were conducted over a wide range of strain rates (7.00 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ – 250 s⁻¹) spanning from quasi-static to intermediate and high rates that are typically associated with vessel-structure impact events. A novel testing apparatus—employing an impact pendulum as an energy supply mechanism—was designed for this study to conduct intermediate to high-rate material testing. Features of the apparatus, discussed in this paper, overcome key problems encountered in other studies that have employed impact loading for tensile material testing. From the testing program, representative stress–strain relations and Cowper–Symonds strain rate sensitivity parameters were developed for the materials tested. Rate sensitivities of the two steel grades tested were found to be very similar to each other. Additionally, rate sensitivities from the present study agreed well with ultimate stress data measured in past studies of mild steel, but were found to be less rate-sensitive than yield stress data measured in past studies.     

Reliability analysis of fatigue life of the connectors—the US Mobile Offshore Base

Reliability-based design analysis of the fatigue life of the connectors of the five sections of the 2-km long US Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) is demonstrated. A performance function is defined in terms of the nominal stress range, inherent defect or starter crack, and appropriate material properties, which are considered random variables. The reliability analysis is performed for a sea state 1–8 (SS1–8) random loading having a Gumbel distribution. Where possible, uncertainty data for random variables are obtained from published data relating to the fatigue of metal and metal alloys. Otherwise, judgmental coefficients of variation are prescribed for purposes of demonstration. The fatigue life is assumed to follow the Weibull distribution. The reliability function is defined in terms of the mean life and the total uncertainty in the fatigue life. Preliminary reliability calculations suggest that current design stress levels be reduced to meet the current fatigue life target reliability level for the MOB connectors. An illustrative design is demonstrated and the metal selected for a fatigue design of the connectors for 10 million cycles with a reliability of 0.99 at a nominal stress of 203 MPa is HY-130 steel.     

等壁厚钢管桩横向焊缝应力集中系数的数值模拟

大型海洋工程结构多常用钢管桩,在钢管桩的制作和安装过程中通常会产生环向对接焊缝,由管节偏位引起的环向焊缝应力集中现象是焊缝疲劳热点应力评估和焊缝疲劳安全分析的重要影响因素.通过实用近似分析方法,研究在轴向拉力和平面内弯矩单独作用下等壁厚对接焊缝应力集中间题,得出等壁厚拉弯构件对接焊缝应力集中系数的近似计算公式;根据对钢...     

集装箱船整船有限元结构分析

文章以一艘１７００箱集装箱船为例,阐述了整船有限元结构分析方法。先建立全船有限元模型和质量模型,再用三维流体动力计算程序进行波浪随机载荷的长期预报,并在此基础上导出设计波参数组,最后,在全船有限元模型上 计算得出船体结构在各个设计波上的应力分布和变形结果,所得到的船体结构有限元分析结果对同类型集装箱船的设计和强度分析有一定的参考价值,对其它类型的船舶结构强度分析也有一定的借鉴意义。     

回填刚度对深埋管道横向响应影响的试验研究（英文）

Subsea pipelines passing through the shallow area are physically protected against the environmental, accidental, and operational loads by trenching and backfilling. Depending on construction methodology, environmental loads, and seabed soil properties, the stiffness of backfilling material may become largely different from the native ground(softer than native ground in most of the cases). The different stiffness between the backfill and native ground affects the soil failure mechanisms and lateral soil resistance against large pipeline displacements that may happen due to ground movement, landslides, ice gouging, and drag embedment anchors. This important aspect is not considered by current design codes. In this paper, the effect of trench-backfill stiffness difference on lateral pipeline-backfill-trench interaction was investigated by performing centrifuge tests. The soil deformations and failure mechanisms were obtained by particle image velocimetry(PIV) analysis. Three experiments were conducted by using three different backfills including loose sand, slurry, and chunky clay that represent the purchased, natural in-fill, and preexcavated materials, respectively. The study shows that the current design codes underestimate the lateral soil resistance for small to moderate pipe displacements inside the trench and overestimate it for large lateral displacement, where the pipeline is penetrating into the trench wall.     

港口结构抗震设计方法的发展（4）

以我国、美国和日本的港口码头设计规范、手册为基础,对我国、美国和日本港口码头抗震设计的方法进行了分析,同时介绍了国际航运协会标准《港口结构抗震设计指南》的有关规定。此系列论文共分6部分,该文为第4部分,分析和比较了我国、美国和日本规范中重力式码头和板桩码头抗震设计的方法。比较表明,对于重力式码头抗震设计,我国规范计算惯性力时考虑了加速度系数沿码头高度的变化,日本规范在基于地震危险性分析结果确定的地震系数中包含着要求控制的变形。对于板桩码头抗震设计,我国、美国和日本规范计算拉杆拉力和板桩墙弯矩时采用的方法不同。     

基于等效设计波的船体结构疲劳强度许用应力法

文章总结了中国船级社疲劳强度评估方法中的许用应力范围方法.该方法用10种主要载荷控制参数下的等效设计波作为基本的计算载荷工况,通过基本计算载荷工况进行组合后求解疲劳应力范围.推导了疲劳许用应力范围计算公式和不同概率水平下疲劳应力的转换关系.对不同S-N曲线形式的许用应力范围进行了讨论,给出了中国船级社疲劳强度许用应力范围表格.用实例进行了验证.     

穿透裂纹薄板拉伸强度影响参数的有限元分析

对穿透裂纹薄板拉伸强度的影响参数进行了有限元分析.分析结果表明,具有穿透裂纹的薄板的拉伸强度受到板的材料屈服强度、泊松比,裂纹长度、开裂角度、开裂位置,板的长宽比、厚度,边界加载条件以及有限元分析网格精度的影响.文中给出了这些因素的影响曲线以及考虑影响参数的穿透裂纹薄板拉伸强度经验计算公式.     

多用途船集装箱装载工况直接计算分析

多用途船的货舱内装载集装箱的固定形式与普通集装箱船不同,船级社及船舶的设计、建造方对此类船舶结构强度的安全性和可靠性投入更多的关注。为此,参照中国船级社钢质海船入级规范的要求,研究提出了舱内载荷的模拟方法,以某多用途船舱段结构强度有限元计算分析为例,分析研究集装箱横向运动和垂向运动惯性力对船体结构强度的影响。为多用途船装载集装箱工况的结构设计提供准确的分析方法。     

港口结构抗震设计方法的发展（3）

以我国、美国和日本的港口码头设计规范、手册为基础,对我国、美国和日本港口码头抗震设计的方法进行了分析,同时介绍了国际航运协会标准《港口结构抗震设计指南》的有关规定。此系列论文共分6部分,该文为第3部分。分析和对比了上述规范中抗震设计时场地类别划分、地基液化判别、动主动土压力和动被动土压力的计算方法。对比表明,我国、美国和日本场地土的分类方法相似,但划分的类别数不同。对于地基液化,我国规范通过土的地质年代、黏粒含量和标准贯入击数采用两步判别法进行判别;美国港口设计手册采用地震剪应力方法进行判别;日本的液化判别方法比较复杂,采用土的均匀系数、标准贯入击数、等效加速度和循环三轴试验进行综合判别。对于动土压力计算,各规范都采用经典的物部-冈部公式或以该公式为基础改进的公式。     

Structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections under extreme loading

The present work is motivated by the increasing need for cost-efficient solutions in offshore structural systems for wind energy production and for improvement of their structural performance. The structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections (yield strength higher than 700 MPa) subjected to monotonic and strong cyclic loading is investigated. In the first part of the paper, an experimental investigation is presented on high-strength steel tubular X-joints subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading far beyond the elastic limit of the material, leading to weld fracture. Two grades of weld metal material are employed in the welding process of the specimens. The experimental results indicate that the weld material grade has a significant influence on the deformation capacity of the welded connection under monotonic loading conditions, and its low-cycle fatigue life. The experimental procedure is simulated using advanced finite element models, elucidating several features of joint behavior and complementing the experimental results. Overall, a good agreement is found between numerical simulations and experimental results, in terms of both global response and local strains at the vicinity of the welds. Furthermore, the structural performance of the welded tubular joints under consideration is assessed using available design methodologies in terms of both ultimate strength and low-cycle fatigue resistance, in an attempt to validate an efficient design methodology for low-cycle fatigue. The results from this research effort are aimed at developing the necessary background for the possible use of high-strength steel in tubular steel lattice structures, particularly in offshore platforms for renewable energy production. They can also be used as a basis for the possible amendment of relevant design specifications and recommendations for including special provisions for high-strength steel structural systems.     

海船断裂控制设计准则

传统的断裂控制设计准则，如脆性转变温度准则或最低工作温度准则等，在实际断裂评定中，有时会遇到困难，其原因在于建立这些准则的条件与实际结构的服役条件存在差异。本文在分析材料断裂韧度的温度效应和载荷速率效应的基础上，根据海船工作条件构造了断裂特征分析图（Fracture Characteristic Analysis Map),提出了一个计及材料性能（断裂韧度，屈服强度）、环境因素（服役温度，载荷速率）和结构特点（板厚及平面应变约束）在内的海船断裂控制设计准则。应用该准则可根据对海船工作特性的要求，选择材料和预测结构的断裂行为，从而为防断选材、结构完整性评定、可靠性分析以及失效分析、预测、预防提供了定量的依据。该准则克服了传统断裂控制准则的局限性，可以全方位地模拟海船结构特点及工作条件，具有更满意的适用性。     

直墙式码头前沿顶高程计算方法

中国港口工程设计规范中码头面高程可按上水标准确定直墙式码头前沿顶高程。而在英美等国外设计标准中,提出码头面高程应考虑设计水位、装卸设备安全作业、淹没程度等因素,综合分析确定码头面高程,其中码头面受淹没的影响程度应为主要考虑因素。以平均越浪量作为码头面淹没影响程度判断标准,介绍码头前沿平均越浪量的计算方法,并依此提出直墙式码头面高程计算方法,同时与国内外规范中的计算方法进行比较分析。该方法对同类别的码头设计具有实际参考意义,同时对码头使用营运安全标准的把控也有参考意义。