危旧桥加固改造工程中纵向加宽缝处理方法探讨

文章介绍了危旧桥加固改造工程中结构分离、刚性连接及铰接连接等桥梁纵向加宽缝处理方法的优缺点及应用情况,提出了一种结构分离法处理桥梁纵向加宽缝的新措施。     

广西八尺江大桥加宽设计方法探讨

20 m跨径先张法预应力混凝土空心梁桥是高速公路扩建工程设计中的一种常见桥梁。文章以广西沿海高速公路扩建工程八尺江大桥加宽设计为例,在对旧桥进行检测评定的基础上,研究了原有桥梁的利用与加固措施,探讨了新拓宽桥梁的结构形式与新旧桥梁的拼接方式等关键技术问题,并提出了相应的处理措施及方法。     

公路改扩建工程中桥梁拼宽加固施工技术研究

为缓解交通运输压力,解决老旧桥梁承载力有限及宽度狭窄等问题,以某公路段桥梁为例,研究通过全连接+湿接缝连接法对桥梁进行拼宽扩建,利用碳纤维布+钢材的复合方法开展加固施工,最后对拼宽和加固效果进行验证。结果显示,拼宽后较拼宽前桥梁横向分布系数明显降低且分布更为均匀,桥梁加宽部分分担了旧桥梁的承载负荷,改善了旧桥的工作荷载环境;桥梁加固后的抗冲击系数和抗弯承载力均大于桥梁加固前,说明所实施的桥梁加固施工技术能够切实增强桥梁的稳定性和安全性。     

大边梁加固技术在公路旧桥改造中的应用

桥梁加固技术的研究和应用日益受到人们的重视,在实践中积累了丰富的经验,主要介绍了大边梁技术在公路旧桥尤其是梁式桥加固加宽中的应用,并选择介绍了两个实践效果较好的实例.     

公路改扩建工程中桥梁拓宽加固技术浅析

随着社会经济的快速发展,道路交通的通行能力形势日趋严峻。其中,部分公路老旧桥梁由于建造时间较早及设计标准不同等原因,其通行现状已难以满足日益增长的交通运输需求。本文以某公路改扩建工程段桥梁为例,通过“全连接+湿接缝连接”法对桥梁进行拓宽扩建,利用“碳纤维布+钢材”的复合方法开展加固施工。结果显示,拓宽后较拓宽前横向分布系数明显降低且分布更为均匀,桥梁加宽部分分担了旧桥梁的承载负荷,改善了旧桥的工作荷载环境;桥梁加固后的抗冲击系数和抗弯承载力均要大于桥梁加固前,说明了所实施的桥梁加固施工技术能够切实增强桥梁的稳定性和安全性。     

钢板及碳纤维布加固桥梁施工技术探讨

粘贴钢板和粘贴碳纤维布是对现役病害桥梁进行加固的有效措施之一。本文以某公路预应力混凝土空心板桥为例,分析桥梁的病害情况及加固措施,对钢板加固和碳纤维布加固的施工技术进行探究,包括植筋加强施工技术、钢板加固施工技术和碳纤维布加固施工技术等,以期加深对这两种加固措施的理解,更有效地进行桥梁加固工作,保障桥梁的结构安全。     

桥梁单板受力的病害分析及处理对策

针对石安高速公路上的部分桥梁发生的单板受力病害,进行分析,找出了产生病害的原因,采取措施,进行加固处理。对加固后的桥梁的检测表明,加固措施行之有效。     

公路桥梁隧道工程施工中灌浆法加固技术的应用

结合实际工程,针对公路桥梁隧道工程常见的问题进行分析,提出利用灌浆法对公路桥梁隧道存在的病害进行加固,并介绍了加固原理和具体的加固技术措施,以供同行参考。     

立交桥病害分析及处理措施

介绍了立交桥的主要病害,对病害原因作了分析,并有针对性的采取了维修加固措施,加固后桥梁完全能够满足原设计要求,保障了桥梁的长期安全运营。     

高速公路桥梁检测分析评价与维修加固措施

文章介绍了高速公路桥梁检测的内容和常用的评价分析手段,并针对不同情况总结了维修加固的措施,为高速公路桥梁检测及维修加固提供参考。     

Towards the analysis of attitudinal and behavioral responses to transportation system characteristics

This report treats the requirements of planning methods for short-range and low-capital transportation options within the context of two primary objectives. The objectives are (1) the presentation of a fundamental set of behavioral principles which are relevant to the planning process and (2) the discussion of alternative methods for assessing the behavioral consequences of transportation changes. The presentation of fundamental behavioral principles relies substantially on classical behavioral reinforcement theory, but reference is also made to attitude theory, econometrics, marketing, and psychometrics. The discussion of data collection procedures presents information on sample specification, and it illustrates a variety of questionnaire formats for the collection of perceptions and preferences from respondents. Advantages and disadvantages of the formats are mentioned. Based on the discussion of behavioral principles and methods, general guidelines are offered for the modeling and data collection requirements of planning methods for short-range and low-capital transportation options.     

Assessment of policies and detection of unintended effects: Guiding principles for the consideration of methods and tools in policy-packaging

Single policies or entire policy packages are often assessed using different methods aiming at a quantification of effects as well as the detection of undesired outcomes. The knowledge of potential impacts is essential to take informed policy actions. Hence, there is a constant need for efficient assessment approaches to support policy decision-making. A broad range of such assessment methods is used in policymaking. Some of them are using quantitative data; others are characterized by qualitative information, observations or opinions. Practical experiences with transport policy prove that these methods all have their pros and cons, but none of them are able to detect the full range of effects. This leads to important questions this article deals with, such as what are the strengths and limitations of the different tools and methods for assessing impacts, and how should different approaches be integrated into the policymaking processes?We analyze the ability of assessment methods to detect different kinds of intended and unintended effects, and introduce the concepts of structurally open (mainly qualitative) and structurally closed (mainly quantitative) methods. It is argued that these concepts support making the pros and cons of the tools and methods more explicit and, thus, allow integrating the different tools and methods into the process of policy packaging. Based on a policy package example, we provide practical recommendations on how to integrate different assessment methods adequately and show that both quantitative and qualitative tools should be used in different phases of the process. The main recommendation is to alternate the application of assessment methods with structurally open methods used in the beginning and the end of the policymaking process and applying structurally closed methods in between.     

岩爆灾害研究与进展

为阐明岩爆机理,减少岩爆灾害,对岩爆的定义、分类、研究方法、特征、形成条件、预测方法及防治措施进行了系统的阐述。在前人工作的基础上,结合国内外已有的工程实例,对岩爆的时空特征和发生部位的岩性特征进行了剖析,对已有的岩爆研究方法和预测方法进行了合理分类和简要介绍,指出了部分研究方法的不足之处和预测工作的发展趋势。综合现有研究表明:岩爆分类采用的标准各有不同,其研究方法还具有改进的空间;适用于大部分工程的岩爆预测方法仍在探索和完善中;有效的岩爆防治措施有待进一步研究和优化。     

Comparative analysis of transit assignment: evidence from urban railway system in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area

This paper empirically compares the performance of six traffic assignment methods using the same empirical dataset of route choice. Multinomial logit (MNL), structured multinomial probit (SMNP), user equilibrium (UE), logit-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE), probit-based SUE, and all-or-nothing (AON) assignment methods are applied to the comparative analysis. The investigated methods include those with three types of error components in their cost functions and two types of flow dependencies. Four methods of generating the route choice set are also compared for use as stochastic traffic assignment methods. The revealed preference data of urban rail route choice in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area are used for the case analysis. The empirical case analysis shows that probit-based SUE provides the best accuracy but requires the longest computation time. It also shows that the heuristics used to generate the choice set influence the method’s accuracy, while the incorporation of route commonality and in-vehicle congestion significantly improves its accuracy. Finally, the implications for practical rail planning are discussed on the basis of the analysis results.     

Methods of determining choice probability in utility maximising multiple alternative models

Methods of estimating choice probabilities between multiple alternatives are described, within the context of various methods of specifying the degree of correlation between the alternatives. A utility maximising framework is assumed. The models described are based either on the logit family or multinomial probit. Two new methods of analytical approximation for the multinomial probit model are introduced, which appear to show significant advantages over the traditional Clark method. Some comparative results of choice probability estimates are presented to support this contention. The conclusion discusses the relative usefulness of different choice estimation methods for different types of problem.     

Using stop bar detector information to determine turning movement proportions in shared lanes

Turning vehicle volumes at signalized intersections are critical inputs for various transportation studies such as level of service, signal timing, and traffic safety analysis. There are various types of detectors installed at signalized intersections for control and operation. These detectors have the potential of producing volume estimates. However, it is quite a challenge to use such detectors for conducting turning movement counts in shared lanes. The purpose of this paper was to provide three methods to estimate turning movement proportions in shared lanes. These methods are characterized as flow characteristics (FC), volume and queue (VQ) length, and network equilibrium (NE). FC and VQ methods are based on the geometry of an intersection and behavior of drivers. The NE method does not depend on these factors and is purely based on detector counts from the study intersection and the downstream intersection. These methods were tested using regression and genetic programming (GP). It was found that the hourly average error ranged between 4 and 27% using linear regression and 1 to 15% using GP. A general conclusion was that the proposed methods have the potential of being applied to locations where appropriate detectors are installed for obtaining the required data. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Link choice proportions from trip distribution and assignment models: An overview and comparison

A number of estimation procedures have been suggested for the situation where a prior estimate of an origin-destination matrix is to be updated on the basis of recently-acquired traffic counts. These procedures assume that both the link flows and the proportionate usage of each link made by each origin-destination flow (referred to collectively as the link choice proportions) are known. This paper examines the possibility and methods for estimating the link choice proportions. Three methods are presented: (1) using ad hoc iteration between trip distribution and traffic assignment; (2) combining trip distribution and assignment in one step; (3) solving a new optimization problem in which the path flows are directly considered as variables and its optimal solution is governed by a logit type formula. The algorithms, covergencies and computational efficiencies of these methods are investigated. Results of testing the three methods on example networks are discussed.     

Measuring the expected locational accessibility of urban transit network for commuting trips

This paper focuses on measuring of the expected locational accessibility (ELA) of urban transit networks for commuters. The ELA of the transit network is measured by a factor named expected locational accessibility index (ELAI), which is calculated based on the expected number of reachable stations with different times of transfers (ENRST) starting from any one transit station on the network. Two approaches, the sample-test-statistics method and the topological analysis method for determining the ENRST are proposed and tested with an example transit network. Finally, the proposed methods are applied to an empirical study for evaluating the ELA performance of bus transit network for commuters of Xiamen City, China. The empirical results show that the ELAI obtained by our two methods are relatively smaller than those obtained by the existing methods. The reason is analyzed to guarantee the accuracy of ELAI measurement.     

Methods of analysis for vehicle soak time data

Vehicle soak time, the duration of time a vehicle’s engine is at rest prior to being started, and its distribution function are important transportation activity data inputs for mobile emissions inventory estimation due to their impacts on vehicle start and evaporative emissions. This paper provides vehicle emission researchers with an overview of statistical analysis methods relevant to analyzing vehicle soak time data. Many of these methods are already in use in emissions research and have appeared in the literature. These methods are reviewed and further details regarding the implementation and interpretation of these methods are provided. Statistical methods relevant to the analysis of soak time data that have yet to appear in the emissions literature, including kernel density estimation and generalized linear models, are also introduced. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are compared and theoretical justification is provided. Issues of correlated observations and censored data are discussed. General guidelines for the analysis of soak time data, such as stratification by start type and geographical region, are established. Finally, a subset of the statistical methods discussed is used to analyze the US Environmental Protection Agency’s 3-city data.     

Appraisal of investments in European nodal centres for goods – freight villages: A comparative analysis

The paper presents and analyses appraisal methods used for the assessment of potential investments in Nodal Centers for Goods (also called Freight Villages), which constitute an essential element of the Trans-European Network for Intermodal Transport. A methodological procedure is applied to identify the underlying factors that influence the choice of an appraisal method, without assessing or comparing the appraisal methods themselves. Following this procedure, issues addressed by the methods are grouped into three broad dimensions and with the use of non-parametric statistical tests, existing relationships are identified between nodal centres' characteristics, the appraisal methods, as well as the actors involved in the decision process. On applying the above procedure to European Nodal Centres for goods, it is found that the choice of appraisal method and the decision criteria for the investment are linked primarily to the nodal centre's size, catchment area, and the support or absence of political approval for the investment. The results of the analysis can be particularly useful at the policy making level, serving as non-formal "qualitative guidelines" to identify the appraisal method to be applied, as well as the options and impacts to be considered. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.