共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
A. Momenimovahed J. S. Olfert M. D. Checkel S. Pathak V. Sood L. Robindro S. K. Singal A. K. Jain M. O. Garg 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2013,14(1):1-11
Nanoparticle and gas-phase emission factors are presented for a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) passenger vehicle and are compared to gasoline operation. A bi-fuel LPG-gasoline vehicle certified for use on either fuel was used as the test vehicle so that a direct comparison of the emissions could be made based on fuel choice. These values were considered along with previous studies to determine the relative change in particulate emissions due to fuel choice over a wide range of vehicles and operating conditions. The vehicle examined in this study was tested on a chassis dynamometer for both steadystate and transient conditions. Transient test cycles included the US FTP72 driving cycle, Japanese driving cycle and modified Indian driving cycle while steady-state tests were done at vehicle speeds ranging from 10–90 km/hr in various transmission gears. Exhaust particle size distributions were measured in real-time using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50), and particle number and particle mass emission factors were calculated. For both fuels, the majority of the particles ranged from 5 to 160 nm in terms of particle diameter, with typically more than 85% of the particles in the nucleation mode (between 5–50 nm). In most cases, the vehicle produced a greater fraction of larger (accumulation mode) particles when fuelled on LPG. Using the data in the literature as well as the data in the current study, gasoline fuel produces 4.6 times more particles in terms of number and 2.1 times more particles in terms of mass. 相似文献
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J. W. Lee Y. I. Jeong M. W. Jung K. O. Cha S. I. Kwon J. C. Kim S. Park 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2008,9(4):397-403
In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject
with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass
does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on
nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted
from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different
types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were
measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP),
at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations
of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values.
However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration.
Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel
type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode. 相似文献
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This paper is review of the characterization of exhaust particles from state-of-the-art internal combustion engines. We primarily focus on identifying the physical and chemical properties of nano-particles, i.e., the concentration, size distribution, and particulate matter (PM) morphology. Stringent emissions regulations of the Euro 6 and the LEV III require a substantial reduction in the PM emissions from vehicles, and improvements in human health effects. Advances in powertrains with sophisticated engine control strategies and engine after-treatment technologies have significantly improved PM emission levels, motivating the development of new particle measurement instruments and chemical analysis procedures. In this paper, recent research trends are reviewed for physical and chemical PM characterization methods for gasoline and diesel fueled engines under various vehicle certification cycles and real-world driving conditions. The effects of engine technologies, fuels, and engine lubricant oils on exhaust PM morphology and compositions are also discussed. 相似文献
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J. H. Kwak H. S. Kim J. H. Lee S. H. Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2014,15(4):543-551
We designed and applied a mobile emission laboratory for on-road measurements of exhaust particles emitted from conventional diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and dimethyl ether (DME)-fueled vehicles. Fuel type and vehicle driving conditions significantly affected the particle size distribution and the number concentrations of the nucleation mode. For all buses, the size distributions of particles in the exhaust under idling conditions had larger mode diameters than at constant speed conditions of 50 km/h or 80 km/h. The nucleation mode (< 50 nm) fraction of diesel, CNG, LPG, and DME at a constant speed of 50 km/h was 53%, 63%, 79%, and 99%, respectively, indicating that the DME-fueled bus emitted the most nanoparticles. As the vehicle speed increased from 50 km/h to 80 km/h, the nucleation mode fraction of diesel, CNG, LPG, and DME changed to 43%, 99%, 99%, and 99%, representing a significant increase in the number concentrations of nanoparticles in the CNG and LPG-fueled vehicles. The particle size distributions in the exhaust of diesel, CNG, LPG, and DME-fueled vehicles were not affected by increase in the chasing distance. 相似文献
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Effect of various LPG supply systems on exhaust particle emission in spark-ignited combustion engine
J. W. Lee H. S. Do S. I. Kweon K. K. Park J. H. Hong 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(6):793-800
The particle size distribution and particle number (PN) concentration emitted by internal combustion engine are a subject
of significant environmental concern because of their adverse health effects and environmental impact. This subject has recently
attracted the attention of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). In 2007, the UN-ECE GRPE PMP proposed a new method to
measure particle emissions in the diluted exhaust of automotive engines and a regulation limit (<6.0×1011 #/km, number of particles). The specific PN regulation of spark-ignited combustion engine will be regulated starting on September
1, 2014 (EURO 6). In this study, three types of LPG supply systems (a mixer system and a multi-point injection system with
gas-phase or liquid-phase LPG fuel) were used for a comparison of the particulate emission characteristics, including the
nano-sized particle number density. Each of the three LPG vehicles with various LPG injection systems contained a multi-cylinder
engine with same displacement volumes of 2,000 cm3 and a three-way catalytic converter. The test fuel that was used in this study for the spark-ignited combustion engine was
n-butane basis LPG fuel, which is primarily used for taxi vehicles in Korea. The characteristics of nano-particle size distribution
and number concentration of particle sizes ranging from 20 to 1,000 nm (aerodynamic diameter) that were emitted from the three
LPG vehicles with various LPG supply systems were investigated by using a condensation particle counter (CPC), which is recommended
by the PMP under both the NEDC and FTP-75 test modes on a chassis dynamometer. The experimental results indicate that the
PN emission characteristics that were obtained by the CPC system using the PMP procedure are sufficiently reliable compared
to other regulated emissions. Additionally, the sources of PN emissions in ascending order of magnitude are as follows: mixer
type, gas-phase LPG injection (LPGi) and liquid-phase LPG injection (LPLi) passenger vehicles. The liquid-phase LPG injection
system produced relatively large particle sizes and number concentrations compared to the gaseous system, regardless of the
vehicle driving cycle. This phenomenon can be explained by unburned micro-fuel droplets that were generated due to a relatively
short homogeneous fuel-air mixture duration in the engine intake manifold. Also the particle number emissions from the LPG
vehicle were influenced by the vehicle driving cycle. 相似文献
6.
生命周期评价及天然气基车用替代燃料的选择 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了生命周期评价方法在车用替代燃料选择方面的研究,通过实地考察我国天然气制甲醇联产二甲醚工艺,结合车辆技术,对天然气基代用燃料,包括压缩天然气、甲醇汽油、二甲醚的生命周期能量消耗和温室气体排放进行了评估,并与石油基燃料进行了比较,同时对燃料制备工艺与车辆技术进步所造成的影响进行了讨论。 相似文献
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D. Wang Z. C. Liu J. Tian J. W. Liu J. R. Zhang 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2012,13(7):1023-1032
Particle number measurement is a new approach to determine emission, which may be more accurate at very low emission levels than when using gravimetric measurements. An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of fuel properties on the performance, combustion process, regulated gaseous emissions and particle number emissions of a diesel engine with an uncatalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). The effect of the filter on the particle size distribution was reported. The DPF number-based filtration efficiency in terms of number efficiency and fractional efficiency for petroleum diesel fuel and two alternative fuels, BTL and GTL, were analyzed. For nearly all test modes, the filter had a higher number efficiency for diesel than for BTL and GTL. The DPF fractional efficiency showed it was highly dependent on fuel type and varied widely at each size range. For diesel, the filter fractional efficiency was sufficiently high and behaved as predicted by filtration theory. For BTL and GTL, the fractional performance of the filter decreased when unexpectedly low efficiencies within the nuclei mode were exhibited. This research will be helpful in understanding DPF number-based filtration performance for alternative fuels and will provide information for the development of particulate emission control technology. 相似文献
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This paper reviews the particle emissions formed during the combustion process in spark ignition and diesel engine. Proposed
legislation in Europe and California will impose a particle number requirement for GDI (gasoline direct injection) vehicles
and will introduce the Euro 6 and LEV-III emission standards. More careful optimization for reducing particulate emission
on engine hardware, fuel system, and control strategy to reduce particulate emissions will be required during cold start and
warm-up phases. Because The diesel combustion inherently produces significant amounts of PM as a result of incomplete combustion
around individual fuel droplets in the combustion zone, much attention has been paid to reducing particle emissions through
electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems, combustion chamber design, and exhaust after-treatment technologies.
In this paper, recent research and development trends to reduce the particle emissions from internal combustion engines are
summarized, with a focus on PMP activity in EU, CARB and SAE papers and including both state-of-the-art light-duty vehicles
and heavy-duty engines. 相似文献
11.
The relationship between the oxygen content in gasoline and the particulate emission (particle number and weight) was investigated. In order to study the influence of the engine configuration on the particulate emission, four vehicles were tested in which the following systems were installed: Vehicle 1 was equipped with direct injection system which uses central mounted outwardly opening injectors. Vehicle 2 and 3 used direct injection with a side mounted multihole injectors and Vehicle 4 had port fuel injection system. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) was used as the oxygen booster. The oxygen content in the gasoline was varied from 1 to 3 wt%, which corresponds with an MTBE dosage from 3.55% to 16.11%. This study used fuel that contained the same octane number with a 2% oxygen content without oxygen components, and it was used as the reference fuel in order to distinguish the effect of the oxygen content increases and the octane boosts that result from the MTBE. All vehicle tests were performed on a roller type chassis dynamometer using the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Federal Test Procedure-75 (FTP-75) cycle. The experiment results demonstrate that the oxygen content increases in the gasoline reduced the particulate emission in vehicles with direct injection engines. An equivalent phenomenon was observed in a vehicle with a port fuel injection engine, but its absolute particle number was much smaller than that of the gasoline direct injection engine. The amount of reduction of the particle number in the start (cold) phase of the test cycle was significant compared with the later (hot) phase engine operation. However, particulates were emitted even though the engine was fully warmed up, especially when the engine was highly loaded. Other factors such as fuel economy or other exhaust emissions were not significantly affected by the oxygen content. 相似文献
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对同一台轻型两用燃料(C N G和汽油)车使用同一批次基准天然气和基准汽油,在底盘测功机上进行NEDC ,FTP75和WLTC循环对比试验,使用CVS定容取样系统和ELPI设备分析颗粒物等排放。研究发现:3种循环中,试验车辆燃用CNG和汽油,排放颗粒物在 Dp =40 nm和 Dp =330 nm附近均出现峰值,Dp =40 nm处汽油峰值远高于CNG ,Dp =330 nm处CNG峰值略高于汽油;CNG的PN和PM的排放率随车速的升高而增大,在较低的匀速工况下增长幅度较小,高速工况下增长幅度较大;CNG在NEDC循环中排放的核态和聚集态颗粒物各占50%左右,FTP75和WLTC循环中排放的聚集态颗粒物占比高于NEDC ;CNG在NEDC循环中单位里程颗粒数和颗粒总数最多,FTP75和WLTC循环中单位里程颗粒数基本相同;WLTC循环中排放的颗粒物质量总量最多,FTP75和NEDC循环中排放的颗粒物质量总量基本相同;FTP75和WLTC循环中单位里程排放的颗粒物质量基本相同,约为N EDC循环的2倍。 相似文献
13.
乙醇汽油对车辆颗粒物排放的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
在符合国Ⅰ、国Ⅲ、国Ⅴ标准的3辆试验车上,分别燃用国Ⅴ汽油、低芳烃E10、低烯烃E10 3种燃料,进行了NEDC和WLTC工况下的常温冷起动排放试验,重点对颗粒物(PM)排放量和粒子数量(PN)进行分析。结果表明:在两种工况下,燃用乙醇汽油相比普通汽油能大幅降低车辆的PM排放,低芳烃E10对国Ⅰ和国Ⅲ车辆PM降低效果最明显,分别下降19%和35%,低烯烃E10对国Ⅴ车辆PM降低效果最好,下降46%;在WLTC工况下燃用乙醇汽油能大幅降低车辆PN排放,其中低芳烃E10平均降低43%,低烯烃E10平均降低32%。 相似文献
14.
Jeongwoo Lee Sanghyun Chu Jaegu Kang Kyoungdoug Min Hyunsung Jung Hyounghyoun Kim Yohan Chi 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2017,18(6):943-950
Environmental problems have become a major issue for diesel engine development. Although emission aftertreatment systems such as DPFs (diesel particulate filters), LNTs (lean NOx traps) and SCR (selective catalytic reduction) have been used in diesel vehicles, the manufacturing cost increase caused by this equipment can be hard to be control. Thus, it is better for engine emissions to be reduced by improving the combustion system. A dual-fuel combustion concept is a recommended method to improve a combustion system and effectively reduce emissions. Low reactivity fuel including gasoline and natural gas, which was supplied to the intake port by the FPI (port fuel injector), improved the premixed air-fuel mixture conditions before ignition. Additionally, a small amount of high reactivity fuel, in this case diesel, was injected into the cylinder directly as an ignition source. This dual-fuel combustion promises lower levels of NOx (nitrogen oxide) and PM (particulate matter) emissions due to the elimination of local rich regions in the cylinder. However, it is challenging to control the dual-fuel combustion because the combustion stability and efficiency deteriorate due to the lack of ignition source and reactivity. Thus, it is important to establish an appropriate dual-fuel operating strategy to achieve stable, high efficiency and low emission operation. As a result of this research, a detailed operating method of dual-fuel PCI (premixed compression ignition) was introduced in detail at a low speed and low load condition by using a single cylinder diesel engine. Engine operating parameters including the gasoline ratio, a diesel injection strategy consisting of multiple injectors and timing, the EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) rate and the intake pressure were controlled to satisfy the low ISNOx (indicated specific NOx) and PM emissions levels (0.21 g/kWh and 0.1 FSN, 0.040 g/kWh, respectively) as per the EURO-6 regulation without any after-treatment systems. The results emphasized that a well-constructed dual-fuel PCI operating strategy showed low NOx and PM emissions and high GIE (gross indicated fuel conversion efficiency) with excellent combustion stability. 相似文献
15.
新能源车辆引入城市客运交通,是解决环境污染的有效方法之一.从二氧化碳排放量角度出发,通过扩展二氧化碳排放"自下而上"的研究思路和计算方法,以哈尔滨为案例计算了城市客运交通的总能耗及二氧化碳总排放量.通过分析《省级温室气体清单编制指南(试行)》计算城市客运交通二氧化碳排放的局限性,从交通使用者角度出发,即根据分车型运距、油耗、电耗、气耗等数据,计算城市客运交通的总能耗,乘以相应的排放因子,计算二氧化碳的排放量.以汽油和柴油燃料汽车作为纯电动汽车(BEV)的替代对象,考虑完全替代的极限情况,计算城市客运交通引入BEV车辆二氧化碳的减排量,并对单位能耗、单位电耗、电力二氧化碳排放因子等影响因素进行分析.通过计算可知, 2015年哈尔滨市城市客运交通排放二氧化碳总量为290.1万t,其中,汽油和柴油燃料车辆排放二氧化碳为153.9万t.考虑采用BEV车辆代替全部汽油和柴油车辆,可实现41.3万t/年的二氧化碳减排量. 相似文献
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本文论述了CNG两用燃料汽车的发展现状与趋势,通过东南V5CNG两用燃料汽车的系统开发费、燃料消耗量、燃料成本与汽油车对比分析,指出CNG作为福州出租车替代燃料具有一定的经济优势和较大的环保效益,快速发展福州CNG两用燃料汽车对改善福州城市大气环境具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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