倒谱域水下目标回波特征提取（英文）

The analysis and characteristic extraction of target echo characteristics are important in underwater target detection and recognition. Rigid acoustic scattering components are generally used as major echo contributors with relatively stable characteristic information. Previous studies focus on echo characteristics from a single angle, thereby limiting the amount of extracted characteristic information. This paper aims to establish a full-angle rigid echo components model and overcome the difficulty of the extraction of time delay characteristics of narrow-band acoustic scattering echoes. On the basis of the analysis of the target echo highlight model, the echo characteristics of rigid acoustic scattering components are extracted in the cepstrum domain, and a wavelet process is proposed to enhance the effect of time delay estimation. Experimental data indicate that the extracted time delay characteristics accord with the rigid echo characteristics of underwater target, thereby validating the effectiveness of the cepstrum method.     

水下目标几何声散射形态学特征的时频域盲分离（英文）

Separation of the components of rigid acoustic scattering by underwater objects is essential in obtaining the structural characteristics of such objects. To overcome the problem of rigid structures appearing to have the same spectral structure in the time domain, time-frequency Blind Source Separation(BSS) can be used in combination with image morphology to separate the rigid scattering components of different objects. Based on a highlight model, the separation of the rigid scattering structure of objects with time-frequency distribution is deduced. Using a morphological filter, different characteristics in a Wigner-Ville Distribution(WVD) observed for single auto term and cross terms can be simplified to remove any cross-term interference. By selecting time and frequency points of the auto terms signal, the accuracy of BSS can be improved. A simulation experimental has been used to analyze the feasibility of the new method, with changing the pulse width of the transmitted signal, the relative amplitude and the time delay parameter. And simulation results show that the new method can not only separate rigid scattering components, but can also separate the components when elastic scattering and rigid scattering exist at the same time. Experimental results confirm that the new method can be used in separating the rigid scattering structure of underwater objects.     

Blind source separation based on time–frequency morphological characteristics for rigid acoustic scattering by underwater objects

Separation of the components of rigid acoustic scattering by underwater objects is essential in obtaining the structural characteristics of such objects. To overcome the problem of rigid structures appearing to have the same spectral structure in the time domain, time–frequency Blind Source Separation (BSS) can be used in combination with image morphology to separate the rigid scattering components of different objects. Based on a highlight model, the separation of the rigid scattering structure of objects with time–frequency distribution is deduced. Using a morphological filter, different characteristics in a Wigner–Ville Distribution (WVD) observed for single auto term and cross terms can be simplified to remove any cross-term interference. By selecting time and frequency points of the auto terms signal, the accuracy of BSS can be improved. An experimental simulation has been used, with changes in the pulse width of the transmitted signal, the relative amplitude and the time delay parameter, in order to analyzing the feasibility of this new method. Simulation results show that the new method is not only able to separate rigid scattering components, but can also separate the components when elastic scattering and rigid scattering exist at the same time. Experimental results confirm that the new method can be used in separating the rigid scattering structure of underwater objects.     

掩埋目标声散射特征提取（英文）

Elastic acoustic scattering is important for buried target detection and identification. For elastic spherical objects, studies have shown that a series of narrowband energetic arrivals follow the first specular one. However, in practice, the elastic echo is rather weak because of the acoustic absorption, propagation loss, and reverberation, which makes it difficult to extract elastic scattering features, especially for buried targets. To remove the interference and enhance the elastic scattering, the de-chirping method was adopted here to address the target scattering echo when a linear frequency modulation(LFM) signal is transmitted. The parameters of the incident signal were known. With the de-chirping operation, a target echo was transformed into a cluster of narrowband signals, and the elastic components could be extracted with a band-pass filter and then recovered by remodulation.The simulation results indicate the feasibility of the elastic scattering extraction and recovery. The experimental result demonstrates that the interference was removed and the elastic scattering was visibly enhanced after de-chirping, which facilitates the subsequent resonance feature extraction for target classification and recognition.     

水中目标回波脉冲包络起伏特征研究

水中目标散射声信号中蕴含了目标外形、结构、材质等物理属性信息,如何表征和提取这些属性信息一直是水中目标散射声信号分类与识别研究关注的焦点之一。为此,文章提出并研究了与水中目标属性信息相关联的散射声信号包络起伏特征,分析了该特征与目标外形、结构等物理属性间的内在关联及其形成机理,建立了相应的特征表征模型,并开展了理论仿真分析和模型实验验证研究。研究结果表明:体目标回波的脉冲包络起伏极值频率随入射声波的载频增加而增加,这体现了体目标的属性;Bench Mark模型的回波脉冲包络起伏频率与目标方位角密切相关,其中艏艉方向最大,正横方位最小。     

支持向量机的水声信号分类识别

研究水声信号识别特征的提取,在此基础上采用支持向量机理论,提出了一种水声信号的分类识别算法.该算法选取两类水声信号,提取它们的混沌特征值关联维数和h2熵作为目标信息,每类信号各提取32组数据,取两类水声信号各8组数据作为训练样本,训练支持向量机,其它样本用于验证.结果表明,支持向量机的分类算法能实现对目标的有效分类,分类效果较好,比较适合小样本、非线性分类.     

Characteristic analysis of underwater acoustic scattering echoes in the wavelet transform domain

Underwater acoustic scattering echoes have time–space structures and are aliasing in time and frequency domains. Different series of echoes properties are not identified when incident angle is unknown. This article investigates variations in target echoes of monostatic sonar to address this problem. The mother wavelet with similar structures has been proposed on the basis of preprocessing signal waveform using matched filter, and the theoretical expressions between delay factor and incident angle are derived in the wavelet domain. Analysis of simulation data and experimental results in free-field pool show that this method can effectively separate geometrical scattering components of target echoes. The time delay estimation obtained from geometrical echoes at a single angle is consistent with target geometrical features, which provides a basis for object recognition without angle information. The findings provide valuable insights for analyzing elastic scattering echoes in actual ocean environment.     

水下回波模拟器频率补偿技术

水下回波模拟器可根据目标的声学特性对目标进行回波模拟,广泛用于验证试验、声诱饵等方面。但由于换能器制造工艺等限制,其发射换能器的发送电压响应在不同频率上变化较大。若忽视这个因素,则有时无法做到有效模拟宽频带的目标回波特性。本文通过分段快速Fourier正反变换和频率能量补偿技术实现回声转发信号的发射声源级差异补偿,采用首尾重叠消去法确保变换后数据无畸变。通过NI公司的PCI-6120板卡和工控机完成工程实践工作,并通过水池实验和海试进行可行性验证。     

Classification of underwater target echoes based on auditory perception characteristics

In underwater target detection, the bottom reverberation has some of the same properties as the target echo, which has a great impact on the performance. It is essential to study the difference between target echo and reverberation. In this paper, based on the unique advantage of human listening ability on objects distinction, the Gammatone filter is taken as the auditory model. In addition, time-frequency perception features and auditory spectral features are extracted for active sonar target echo and bottom reverberation separation. The features of the experimental data have good concentration characteristics in the same class and have a large amount of differences between different classes, which shows that this method can effectively distinguish between the target echo and reverberation.     

基于听觉感知特征的水下目标回波分类(英文)

In underwater target detection, the bottom reverberation has some of the same properties as the target echo, which has a great impact on the performance. It is essential to study the difference between target echo and reverberation. In this paper based on the unique advantage of human listening ability on objects distinction, the Gammatone filter is taken as the auditory model. In addition, time-frequency perception features and auditory spectra features are extracted for active sonar target echo and bottom reverberation separation. The features of the experimental data have good concentration characteristics in the same class and have a large amount of differences between different classes, which shows that this method can effectively distinguish between the target echo and reverberation.     

复合材料圆柱壳声目标强度数值分析

为研究复合材料圆柱壳的声散射特性,本文基于有限元法,并结合AML技术,计算并分析水下空气背衬条件下复合材料圆柱壳铺层角度、纤维层数和壳厚比对复合材料圆柱壳声目标强度（ TS）的影响规律。结果表明：低中频时,圆柱壳铺层角度对TS影响较大;高频时,铺层角度对TS影响趋于一致;纤维层层数对TS影响不大;一定范围内,壳厚比越小,声目标强度值越小。     

雷达目标电磁散射的水声模拟

水声模拟是雷达目标电磁散射特性测量的具有明显优势的一种新方法。首先从电磁波和声波的波动方程出发,分析了在一定边界条件下二维目标声波与电磁波散射的对应关系;其次针对三维电大尺寸的复杂目标,分析了对其进行水声模拟测量的可行性;最后,通过对平板目标的测量实验验证了水声模拟方法的正确性。     

目标覆盖层在典型浅海波导中的消声作用

应用非刚性表面声散射的物理声学方法,发展了基于射线跟踪技术的浅海波导中覆盖消声层目标回声计算的数值方法。选取Benchmark潜艇模型和两种假想的消声覆盖层(反射系数在垂直入射时相同,随角度增加的速率不同),讨论了自由空间和浅海信道中弱正梯度和负梯度两种典型声速剖面条件下刚性及覆盖消声层目标的回声特性。结果指出:由于自由空间和浅海波导中目标回声形成机理不同,这两种覆盖层对自由空间中的消声作用影响较小,对浅海波导中的消声作用影响较大;自由空间中消声覆盖层的消声作用不能完全反映其在浅海波导中的实际效果;在实际浅海波导中为了获得较好的消声作用,不仅要在0度入射角还应在小角度(0-30度左右)范围内将覆盖层的反射系数控制在较小的数值区间。     

水下扁平阻抗结构衍射声场建模与计算

运用一致性几何衍射理论对水下扁平阻抗结构的衍射声场计算进行了理论建模与分析,并通过数值仿真讨论分析了水下扁平结构衍射声场分布与不同衍射类型、收发方式、结构表面阻抗特性、入射声波性质等几何特性和声学特性间的影响关系.其中,首次考虑了尖端衍射贡献影响,并重点分析了尖端衍射和结构表面阻抗特性在不同条件下对总的衍射声场作用规律和影响程度等.最后为验证上述理论模型和计算方法的正确性和可靠性,还与水下钢板散射声场分布实验测试结果进行了对比分析.研究结果表明:(1)考虑尖端衍射贡献影响使得上述模型更加完整,计算精度得到有效提高,且尖端衍射影响程度与入射声波频率、收发张角、结构表面阻抗特性以及声源、接收场点和结构的空间相对几何位置等因素有关;(2)结构两侧表面阻抗特性的影响规律和程度存在差异.其中,面向声源一侧的结构表面复反射系数幅值和背向声源一侧结构表面的复反射系数相角对结构衍射声场分布强度的影响尤为明显.这些对水下目标强度估计、自由场材料声学测试和衍射效应抑制技术研究等具有理论指导意义和工程应用价值.     

水声目标辐射噪声谐波特征提取算法

水下目标辐射噪声中的谐波分量包含了反映目标自身本质特性的信息,能否有效提取目标谐波特征关系到目标识别的效果.论文基于目标辐射噪声的一般数理模型,利用最大似然估计和卡尔曼滤波理论,提出一种水下目标辐射噪声谐波特征的提取与分析算法,估计得到了谐波的瞬时基频;然后利用卡尔曼滤波器跟踪瞬时基频的时变特性,实现对基频的精确跟踪和估计;并提取各阶谐波的振幅,得到目标的谐波特征;最后结合仿真信号与实测数据进行对比,验证了谐波特征提取算法估计基频和提取谐波信息的可行性.     

水下均匀材料层的反射特性和对比试验

采用传递矩阵方法,推导给出水下单层非弹性均匀材料层和弹性均匀材料层的声反射、透射系数公式。设计并进行不同厚度钢板和玻璃钢板的声反射特性的对比实验。理论计算结果和实验结果符合,在水中钢板表现出绝对刚性的声学特性,而玻璃钢板由于特性阻抗小于钢板并且较厚,反射特性具有明显的振荡特性。     

Study on pattern time delay shift coding scheme

1 Introduction1 The underwater acoustic communications are needed for military affairs and commercial fields. There are lots of applications of underwater acoustic communications, such as in oceanographic data collection, exploration of natural undersea r…     

听觉谱特征在水下目标回声识别中的应用

水下目标回声特征提取是主动目标识别的关键内容。本文提出将语音识别领域中较为成熟的RASTA-PLP听觉模型应用于水中目标回波的特征提取,并根据信号的特点对RASTA-PLP模型进行修正。对比应用PLP方法进行的水中目标单频回波识别实验,结果表明：当加入卷积噪声后,修正的RASTA-PLP特征表现出更加良好的鲁棒性能,在同等测试条件下识别率比PLP听觉模型特征高约3%,显示了本方法在实现目标回声自动识别上的重要应用前景。     

海底阻抗对浅海波导中椭球体的声散射研究

基于Greenberg方法推导了含有阻抗边界条件的浅水Green函数,利用边界元法研究了含阻抗的三维海洋波导与散射体相互作用的问题.分析了海底阻抗对声波与结构体相互作用时的散射特性影响,数值分析表明:含有阻抗边界条件的浅海目标的散射特性与理想海底明显不同,海底阻抗对水平断面以及垂直断面的散射场都有一定的影响,目标距离海底越近,场点散射声压受海底边界条件的影响越大;阻抗越大,散射声压越大.指向性的分布对受海底阻抗的大小比较敏感.分析浅海声散射时,海底阻抗的影响不可忽视.