桥墩下游渗流对湍流和桥墩周围地表形态的影响（英文）

In this work, experimental investigations have been pursued to analyse the influence of downward seepage on the turbulent characteristics of flow and corresponding changes in vortex structure around circular bridge pier in alluvial channel. Experiments were conducted in sand bed channel with circular piers of different sizes for no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage cases. The measurement of turbulent flow statistics such as velocity and Reynolds stresses is found to be negative within the scour hole at upstream of the pier whereas application of downward seepage retards the reversal of the flow causing a decrement in the velocity and Reynolds stresses. Higher Reynolds shear stress prevails at the downstream side because of the production of wake vortices. Contribution of all bursting events to the total Reynolds shear stress production has been observed to increase with downward seepage. The analysis of integral scale suggest that size of eddies increases with seepage, which is responsible for increase in particle mobility. Initially rate of scouring is more which abatements gradually with expanding time as well as with the increased of downward seepage. Presence of downward seepage reduces the depth and length of vortex and shifts towards downstream side of the pier.     

Comparison of Scour and Flow Characteristics Around Circular and Oblong Bridge Piers in Seepage Affected Alluvial Channels

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one. However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage. The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.     

受渗流影响的冲积河道中圆型和矩形桥墩受腐蚀情况和流动特性比较（英文）

The present study examines scour geometry and turbulent flow characteristics around circular and oblong piers in alluvial channel with downward seepage. Experiments were conducted in plane sand bed of non-uniform sand under no seepage, 10% seepage and 15% seepage conditions. Scour depth at oblong pier is significantly lesser than the scour depth at circular one.However, the scour depth at both piers reduces with downward seepage. The measurements show that the velocity and Reynolds stresses are negative near the bed at upstream of piers where the strong reversal occurs. At downstream of oblong pier near the free surface, velocity and Reynolds stresses are less positive; whereas, they are negative at downstream of circular pier. The streamline shape of oblong pier leads to reduce the strength of wake vortices and consequently reversal flow at downstream of pier. With application of downward seepage turbulent kinetic energy is decreasing. The results show that the wake vortices at oblong pier are weaker than the wake vortices at circular pier. The strength of wake vortices diminishes with downward seepage.The Strouhal number is lesser for oblong pier and decreases with downward seepage for both oblong and circular piers.     

具有向下渗漏特性的沙质渠道中串列桥墩绕流及冲刷特性试验研究（英文）

Experimental investigations have been carried out to study morpho-hydraulic characteristics such as scour geometry and turbulent flow properties around tandem piers in alluvial channels. Experiments were carried out in a plane sand bed with two circular piers of same diameter arranged in tandem manner under no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage conditions. Downward seepage minimizes the scour depth around piers and restrains the development of scour depth with time. Strong reversal flow is found near the bed at upstream of piers and near free surface at downstream of piers where velocity and Reynolds shear stress are found to be negative which reduce in magnitude with downward seepage. The flow is more critical within the gap between two piers where velocity is lesser near free surface and gradually increasing towards bed. Quadrant analysis shows that contribution of each event to the total Reynolds shear stress increases with downward seepage. Sedimentation effect prevails within the scour hole whereas outside the scour hole erosive forces become more dominant. Reduced reversal flow at upstream of pier because of downward seepage results in decreasing higher order moments and turbulent kinetic energy. At downstream of piers, secondary currents are dominant due to wake vortices. Strouhal number decreases in case of seepage runs than no seepage condition.     

超临界雷诺数下桥墩紊流宽度的计算方法

桥墩紊流宽度的计算与水流雷诺数的范围关系较大,将影响到计算成果的合理性。结合山区河流超临界雷诺数条件,采用格子Boltzmann方法模拟桥墩三维紊流流场,并结合大涡模拟和运动边界处理方法,分析不同来流、河形等条件下的桥墩三维紊流宽度,由此建立了顺直河道和弯曲河道中圆型桥墩相对紊流宽度与弗劳德数之间的耦合关系。该研究成果通过四川邓家坝大桥航宽验算,与经验法及祖小勇算法比较,发现该方法得出的桥墩紊流宽度略小、其数值趋于合理。     

基于高雷诺数的并联双圆柱绕流研究

文章采用基于边界瞬时涡量守候的拉格朗日方法(IVCBC),结合并列双圆柱的特点,建立了双圆柱绕流数值计算模型。对高雷诺数下Re=6×10~4,间隙率为T/D=1.1~7的并联圆柱双圆柱二维绕流特性进行了研究。提出了双圆柱间隙中点的速度区别宽窄尾流的新方法。分别讨论了流体力系数随间距增加的特点,脉动流体力的特点,尾流特征以及斯托哈尔数特征。研究发现:区别宽窄尾流的新方法是可靠的;在双圆柱尾流附近有五种尾流模型存在;同时发现了在宽窄尾流的频率,存在一个中间频率。     

沟槽面减阻效果影响因素及减阻机理的分析

采用雷诺平均N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型计算V型沟槽面的湍流边界层流动和粘性阻力,研究了沟槽尖峰形状和雷诺数对减阻效果的影响规律,初步分析了沟槽面减阻机理.指出:沟槽尖峰处的圆角半径越小其减阻效果越好,沟槽斜面中下部的壁面应力随着圆角半径的减小而降低,但尖峰处的局部壁面应力会随之增大;来流速度对沟槽减阻率的影响很大,对于一种尺度的V型沟槽,存在着一个具有较好减阻效果的来流速度范围,而沟槽面在沿来流方向上的布置位置对减阻效果的影响非常小;沟槽尺度对减阻效果很剧烈;沟槽尖峰处生成的二次涡是产生减阻效果的根本原因,二次涡的强弱与沟槽减阻率的大小紧密相关.     

基于IVCBC涡方法高雷诺数下串联双圆柱的数值计算模型及其尾流特征研究

针对串联双圆柱的结构特点,利用IVCBC涡方法适合高雷诺数下数值计算的特点,建立了高雷诺数下串联双圆柱绕流的数值计算模型;采用经典算例验证了IVCBC涡方法的收敛性;探索了雷诺数为2.5×104、间隙比分别为1.1,1.25,2,2.5,3,3.25和4的串联双圆柱绕流的尾流特征;清晰地展示了尾流中较小的漩涡的形成、分裂和融合,详细地阐述了串联双圆柱流体特征发生突变的原因;深刻地揭示了串联双圆在高雷诺数下的绕流机理。研究表明:尾流模式与经典的实验尾流模型吻合较好,两圆柱中间的涡对是串联双圆尾流发生突变的主要原因;间隙之间时,间隙上部小漩涡形成、间隙中间流体的振动与下游圆柱表面上涡的脱落是同步的;该流体模式能清晰地展示尾流中较小漩涡,说明与有网格方法比较,该计算模型具有较大的优越性,为进一步研究高雷诺数下串联双圆柱流体力的特征提供了重要的研究工具。     

平板上直立圆柱三维绕流的CFD计算研究

利用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,对粘性不可压缩流体流过平板上直立圆柱的绕流进行了三维数值模拟,采用了有限体积法和SIMPLE计算程式,利用不可压缩的Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了雷诺数在200的层流绕流流动。在建立贴体的结构化精细网格之后,成功模拟了马蹄涡,与经典的理论对比具有较好的吻合性。同时得到了交接部区域的剪切力云图。计算结果表明,主/附体结构交接部区域流动机理十分复杂,在这个区域有马蹄涡的存在,是产生交接部冲蚀的根本原因。计算结果表明本文所用方法在模拟含有复杂流动机理的圆柱绕流中是可靠性的。     

动波壁对圆柱体涡激振动的抑制作用研究

文章基于有限体积法,通过控制壁面的波动方式,考察了动波浪壁面对低雷诺数下两自由度弹性支撑圆柱体涡激振动的抑制作用。结果表明:由圆柱两侧向下游行进的壁面波能抑制漩涡的脱落;适当的壁面波动频率能大幅降低圆柱的横向振动;当雷诺数Re=500时,随着约化速度的增大,动波壁圆柱的横向位移值相对标准圆柱体始终维持在较低值区间内(0～0.05D),动波壁圆柱流向位移值相对标准圆柱体的减小幅度逐渐增加。     

附加双分流板的方形横截面管涡脱落控制减阻研究（英文）

In this paper we have made a numerical study on the control of vortex shedding and drag reduction of a cylinder by attaching thin splitter plates. The wake structure of the cylinder of square cross-section with attached splitter plates is analyzed for a range of Reynolds number, based on the incident stream and height of the cylinder, in the laminar range. The Navier-Stokes equations governing the flow are solved by the control volume method over a staggered grid arrangement. We have used the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equation(SIMPLE) algorithm for computation. Our results show that the presence of a splitter plate upstream of the cylinder reduces the drag, but it has a small impact on the vortex shedding frequency when the plate length is beyond 1.5 time the height of the cylinder. The presence of a downstream splitter plate dampens the vortex shedding frequency. The entrainment of fluid into the inner side of the separated shear layers is obstructed by the downstream splitter plate. Our results suggest that by attaching in-line splitter plates both upstream and downstream of the cylinder, the vortex shedding can be suppressed, as well as a reduction in drag be obtained. We made a parametric study to determine the optimal length of these splitter plates so as to achieve low drag and low vortex shedding frequency.     

Investigation of turbulent flows in a waterjet intake duct using stereoscopic PIV measurements

Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry measurements were made in a wind tunnel using a prototype waterjet model. The main wind tunnel provided the vehicle velocity and a secondary wind tunnel was set up as the waterjet propulsion model. Pressure distributions along the ramp and lip sides inside the duct were measured for three jet velocity to vehicle velocity ratios. Three-dimensional velocity fields were obtained at the intake entrance and the nozzle exit of the waterjet system. The flow into the duct was faster in the lip region than on the ramp side. Because of the variation in intake geometry from a rectangular to a circular section and because of the sudden curvature change on the lip side, a pair of counter-rotating vortices was observed in the mean velocity field at the nozzle exit. In addition, the turbulent kinetic energy correlated with the vortex pair was stronger on the lip side than in other areas. Dominant large-scale structures were extracted by using a snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition analysis. It was found that most of the turbulent kinetic energy was attributed to at least three vortices near the nozzle exit. This detailed three-dimensional velocity field will be useful for the verification of CFD simulations applied to the waterjet system.     

湘江近尾洲二线船闸下游引航道口门区通航水流条件改善措施

湘江近尾洲枢纽二线船闸为升级改造工程,位置和轴线没有选择余地,下游引航道口门区的通航水流条件只能依靠优化开闸方式或修建导流墩来改善。采用1∶100定床正态河工物理模型试验,在充分认识常规开闸泄流方式下游引航道口门区水流条件的基础上,通过多种开闸泄流方式的组合试验以及导流墩布置数量、间距、角度等优化试验,提出常规开闸+边孔补流的泄流方式,或布设单墩长度20 m、走向与航线平行、间距20 m的3个导流墩,均可将通航流量提高到2 a一遇洪水标准。     

Influence of turbulence closure models on the vortical flow field around a submarine body undergoing steady drift

Manoeuvring underwater vehicles experience complex three-dimensional flow. Features include stagnation and boundary layer separation along a convex surface. The resulting free vortex sheet rolls up to form a pair of streamwise body vortices. The track and strength of the body vortex pair results in a nonlinear increase in lift as body incidence increases. Consequently, accurate capture of the body vortex pair is essential if the flow field around a manoeuvring submarine and the resulting hydrodynamic loading is to be correctly found. This work highlights the importance of both grid convergence and turbulence closure models (TCMs) to the strength and path of the crossflow-induced body vortices experienced by the DOR submarine model at an incidence angle of 15°. Five TCMs are considered; Spalart–Allmaras, k-ε, k-ω, shear stress transport, and the SSG Reynolds stress model. The SSG Reynolds stress model shows potential improvements in predicting both the path and strength of the body vortex over standard one- and two-equation TCMs based on an eddy viscosity approach.     

航道边线与桥墩之间安全距离的研究

合理地确定通航桥梁的最小净空宽度,保证船队航行和桥梁安全,是桥梁建设和航道建设均应重视的问题。文章提出了计算通航桥孔宽度的计算公式。当桥梁轴线的法线方向与水流方向的偏角超过5°时,通航桥孔净空宽度应在一般航道宽度的基础上增加考虑水流产生的船舶横向漂移,并在桥墩和航道边线之间留有足够的安全距离。利用PIV技术,获得桥墩周围流场的准确信息,从水流紊动的角度,提出了安全距离的确定方法。     

桥墩紊流宽度的试验研究

由于我国现行的《内河通航标准》(GB50139-2004)中,没有桥墩紊流宽度的计算方法,桥梁设计人员为了保证船舶航行安全,通常将桥梁跨度加大,这样既增加了结构设计的难度,又增加了工程的投资。通过水槽定床和动床试验,分析了行近流速、行近水深、来流角度、桥墩尺寸、桥墩墩型、桥墩冲刷等因素对桥墩紊流宽度的影响,利用量纲分析法对实测数据进行整理,推导出了桥墩紊流宽度的计算公式。     

PIV study of the effect of piston position on the in-cylinder swirling flow during the scavenging process in large two-stroke marine diesel engines

A simplified model of a low speed large two-stroke marine diesel engine cylinder is developed. The effect of piston position on the in-cylinder swirling flow during the scavenging process is studied using the stereoscopic particle image velocimetry technique. The measurements are conducted at different cross-sectional planes along the cylinder length and at piston positions covering the air intake port by 0, 25, 50 and 75 %. When the intake port is fully open, the tangential velocity profile is similar to a Burgers vortex, whereas the axial velocity has a wake-like profile. Due to internal wall friction, the swirl decays downstream, and the size of the vortex core increases. For increasing port closures, the tangential velocity profile changes from a Burgers vortex to a forced vortex, and the axial velocity changes correspondingly from a wake-like profile to a jet-like profile. For piston position with 75 % intake port closure, the jet-like axial velocity profile at a cross-sectional plane close to the intake port changes back to a wake-like profile at the adjacent downstream cross-sectional plane. This is characteristic of a vortex breakdown. The non-dimensional velocity profiles show no significant variation with the variation in Reynolds number.     

基于下游引航道口门区流态的隔流墙结构形式优化措施

船闸外侧水流受枢纽下泄不稳定流的影响较大，为解决流速、流态对船舶航行的不利影响，维持引航道水流条件，分析下游引航道不稳定水流的成因，结合近年来建成的隔流墙布置方式和结构形式，通过平面布置、模型试验、资料统计分析等方法，探讨了实体墙、隔流墩、透水孔墙等诸多结构形式对水流条件的影响，研究提出多种引航道隔流墙结构布置形式和优化措施方案。     

Comparative measurements on the flow structure of a marine propeller wake between an open free surface and closed surface flows

In order to investigate the effects of a free surface on the wake behind a rotating propeller, experiments were carried out in a circulating water channel for two cases: one with an open free surface and one with a closed free surface covered by a rigid plate. Four hundred instantaneous velocity fields were measured using a two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at four different blade phases. These were ensemble-averaged to investigate the time-averaged flow structure in the near-wake region. For a surface ship, the flow behind the propeller is influenced by the hull wake and the free surface. The phase-averaged mean velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. The interaction between the bilge vortices and the incoming flow along the ship’s hull deforms the wake structure. Tip vortices are generated periodically, and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The free surface was found to affect the axial velocity component and vortex structure behind the propeller. As the flow goes downstream, the tip and trailing vortices dissipate due to turbulent diffusion and active mixing with adjacent vortices.     

航道整治工程软体排压载体的水力特性

软体排是航道整治工程中的基础结构,其水力特性直接影响航道整治工程的护滩效果。通过建立水槽模型,研究软体排压载体附近流场结构、回流区长度、近底流速、紊动流场、切应力等水力特性。结果表明,设置软体排压载体后,近底流速和回流区流速减小,上层流速和水流纵向紊动强度增加,近底层的切应力则明显减小。压载体的设置有利于调节近底水流流态、促进泥沙落淤,提高工程边滩守护效果。