Prediction methods for the surf-riding threshold and the wave-blocking threshold based on Melnikov’s method

A ship operating in following and/or quartering seas may be susceptible to broaching-to preceded by the surf-riding phenomenon. Therefore, for the safety assessment of fast vessels such as destroyers and patrol craft, the estimation of the surf-riding condition is important. As shown by previous research, there are two boundaries for ship motion in following and quartering seas. These are the surf-riding threshold and wave-blocking threshold. In this study, the theoretical methods to estimate both boundaries are obtained by making use of Melnikov’s method. In order to validate the formulae, free-running model experiments are conducted in the towing tank. Comparisons between the results obtained from calculations and experiments show good agreement. It is concluded that the formulae based on Melnikov’s method could be applicable to the safety assessment of surface ships.     

Numerical prediction of the surf-riding threshold of a ship in stern quartering waves in the light of bifurcation theory

In order to develop design and operational criteria to be used at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), critical conditions for broaching are explored in the light of bifurcation analysis. Since surf-riding, which is a prerequisite to broaching, can be regarded as a heteroclinic bifurcation, one of global bifurcations, of a surge-sway-yaw-roll model in quartering waves, the relevant bifurcation condition is formulated with a rigorous mathematical background. Then an efficient numerical solution procedure suitable for tracing the surf-riding threshold hypersurface is presented with successful examples. This deals with all state and control variables in parallel, and excludes backward time integration and an orthogonal condition in the iteration process. The bifurcation conditions identified were compared with the results from a direct numerical simulation in the time domain. As a result, it was confirmed that the heteroclinic bifurcation provides a boundary between motions periodically overtaken by waves and nonperiodic motions such as surf-riding and broaching.     

铝合金悬挂式整体壁板板格的极限强度计算方法研究

针对铝合金悬挂式整体壁板板格长宽比特别大的特点,文章建立此类板格的非线性有限元模型,进行纵向、横向和剪切载荷作用下的极限强度计算,并与多本规范中板格极限强度的计算公式进行比较,在此基础上提出适用于铝合金悬挂式整体壁板板格的极限强度计算公式。     

骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准和模型试验研究

目前国际海事组织(IMO)正在制定的第二代完整稳性衡准,其中就包括骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准。文章首先介绍了最新骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准方法,应用自编的衡准软件进行样船计算,分析了当前衡准的适用性。其次,开展了内倾船型在随浪和尾斜浪中的骑浪/横甩试验,试验中获得了四种与骑浪/横甩相关的运动特性:周期运动、稳定骑浪、横甩和横甩导致的倾覆,而且在某波浪条件下观察到船舶连续发生三次横甩的现象。最后,将内倾船型的骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准计算结果与试验结果进行对比,验证了衡准方法对于内倾船型的适用性。     

Empirical relation between the typhoon surge deviation and the corresponding typhoon characteristics: a case study in Taiwan

The relation between typhoon surges and typhoon characteristics measured at Kenfang Tidal Station on the northeast coast of Taiwan was studied in this paper. Typhoon characteristics include the typhoon center atmospheric pressure, the typhoon near-center wind speed, the typhoon storm radius, the distance between the typhoon center and the tidal station, and the typhoon approach tracks. The results show that the typhoon surge deviation is strongly dependent on typhoon characteristics. An empirical typhoon surge formula is proposed in terms of the typhoon wind speed, the typhoon storm radius, and the distance between the typhoon center and the tidal station. The coefficients in the empirical formula were evaluated, based on the measured typhoon surge data at Kenfang Tidal Station. The storm surge deviations at Kenfang Station during Typhoons Doug (1994) and Herb (1996) estimated using the proposed empirical formula were compared with the measured data as well as with the results of a numerical study.     

非均匀沙推移质输沙率的研究

本文根据拜格诺水流功率理论,推求出均匀抄和非均匀抄推移质输沙率公式。其中均匀沙公式结构形式与恩格隆公式完全一致,非均匀沙输沙率考虑到粗、细沙的相互影响,用隐暴系数加以校正,隐暴系数可从清水冲刷水糟试验资料反求,结果与林泰造公式非常吻合。用隐暴系数对盖斯勒起动机率进行修正,可以获得非均匀沙粗化的极限级配及粒径计算公式。该级配的平均粒径可以用作非均匀沙起动的判别标准。文中用野外和水槽试验资料对上述公式进行了初步验证,结果均是良好的。     

船舶骑浪运动的分叉研究

在纵荡运动模型的基础上,应用非线性动力学理论对骑浪产生的机理进行了研究,确认了骑浪运动是一个从周期运动到骑浪的过程,其中经历了两次分叉.给出了导致骑浪发生的危险临界参数值,以及周期运动和骑浪运动区域划分.     

在纵向压力作用下有初挠度的长矩形板的极限强度和有效宽度

本文应用薄板大挠度理论,对有初挠度的长矩形板在纵向压力作用下的屈曲后行为进行近似分析,推导出计算板的极限强度和有效宽度的理论公式。然后作适当简化,提出了计算板的折减系数的实用公式。该公式与美国海军用的Frankland公式很接近,与驱逐舰的实船破坏试验结果吻合,与国外板的试验结果及F aulkner公式也接近。鉴于我国沿用的苏联船舶结构力学手册中相应公式计算的折减系数值偏高,作者推荐本文提出的实用公式作为我国计算纵骨架式舰体纵向受压板的折减系数的公式。     

估算船舶上层建筑固有频率的新方法

确定船舶上层建筑固有频率是船舶上层建筑减振设计的重要内容。为提供船舶初期设计阶段应用,必须建立一个可靠的估算船舶上层建筑固有频率的方法。至今国外不少船级社和研究机构根据实测数据回归分析提出了一些估算方法,但因考虑的因素过于简单,预报精度都不太理想。 为改进估算方法,本文从理论模型研究着手,运用正交试验、回归分析等方法,提出了一个能考虑更多影响因素的估算船舶上层建筑固有频率的新方法,使预报精度有较大提高。     

船型参数对骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准影响研究

骑浪/横甩是IMO船舶第二代完整稳性的五种失效模式之一,是一种基于概率的稳性衡准,制定规范的目的是更有效地保障船舶在实海域中的航行安全,确保不发生稳性失效情况.本研究中,以IMO有关成员国提出的最新版骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准草案为基础,基于自主开发的骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准校核软件,针对围网渔船开展了样船计算和比较分析,研究IMO正在制定的骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准方法对该类船型的适用情况,分析船型参数对骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准的影响,为我国参与国际法规制定,提出针对骑浪/横甩薄弱性衡准的提案提供技术支撑和依据.     

Buckling and ultimate capability of plates and stiffened panels in axial compression

This paper presents extensive non-linear finite element (FE) analysis and formulation development work carried out on the ultimate compressive strength of plates and stiffened panels of ship structures. A review of contemporary designs for large ships was carried out. The existing formulae for plate ultimate compressive strength were reviewed and compared with non-linear FE analysis results. A semi-analytical formula for ultimate compressive strength assessments of stiffened panels was proposed and is described. The developed formula was verified against results using ABAQUS non-linear FE software for a series of 61 stiffened panels and a good agreement between the proposed formula and FE results were achieved. The method was verified against a large number of published FE results and was also compared with 58 experimental results. The developed method was also applied to the deck and bottom structures for a range of various sizes oil tankers and bulk carriers.     

系泊系统的时域仿真及其非线性动力学特性分析

应用时域仿真的方法研究了系泊系统的非线性动力学特性。以三阶操纵运动方程为基础,引入定常的风力、潮流作用力和二阶波浪力,建立了系泊系统三自由度的运动微分方程。在此数学模型的基础上,建立了系泊系统的多自由度的计算机仿真模型。在风浪流联合作用的情形下,对一艘单点系泊油轮的动力学行为进行了仿真研究。以潮流速度和系缆程度为分岔控制参数,在参数平面上给出了局部分岔集。研究表明,系泊系统的动力学行为具有强烈的非线性特征。在仿真过程中观察到了吸引子的共存和Hopf分岔。局部分岔集将参数平面分为3个系统动力学行为本质不同的区域。极值系泊力水平与系泊系统的动力学行为有着密切的关系。对于单点系泊船舶而言,顶风顶浪顶流的状态并不一定是最为危险的工况。局部分岔集的确定为系泊系统参数的选择提供了决策依据。     

基于CFD的船舶骑浪状态下的纯稳性损失求解

船舶顺浪航行的纯稳性损失研究已成为国际航海界和国际海事组织(IMO)关注的课题之一。基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术,生成了船舶的骑浪航态,采用系列横摇衰减试验方法,获取到了该航态下某型舰艇的稳性曲线,通过后续计算得到纯稳性损失,并与一般理论计算法得到的结果进行对比,结果验证了该方法的可信度。     

Longitudinal strength of ships with accidental damages

This paper presents an investigation of the longitudinal strength of ships with damages due to grounding or collision accidents. Analytical equations are derived for the residual hull girder strength and verified with direct calculations of sample commercial ships for a broad spectrum of accidents. Hull girder ultimate strengths of these sample vessels under sagging and hogging conditions are also calculated, based on which correlation equations are proposed. To evaluate a grounded ship, using the section modulus to the deck would be optimistic, while using the section modulus to the bottom would be conservative. On the contrary, to evaluate a collided ship, using the section modulus to the deck would be conservative, while using the section modulus to the bottom would be optimistic. The derived analytical formulae are then applied to a fleet of 67 commercial ships, including 21 double hull tankers, 18 bulk carriers, 22 single hull tankers and six container carriers. The mean values, standard deviations and coefficients of variation for the coefficients in these new analytical formulae are obtained. The ship length exhibits little influence on these coefficients because they are close to the mean values although ship length spans from 150 to 400 m. The ship type shows some influence on the residual strength. Uniform equations are proposed for commercial ships which do not depend on a ship's principal dimensions. These formulae provide very handy tools for predicting the residual strength in seconds, without performing step-by-step detailed calculations, an obvious advantage in cases of emergency or salvage operation.     

潮汐河口治导线放宽率计算公式的参数取值

受潮棱体蓄潮影响,潮汐河口整治工程往往需考虑一定的治导线放宽率。针对放宽率的计算目前已有诸多经验公式,其中潮差和治导工程蓄潮系数是公式中的两个重要参数,合理取值非常关键。从放宽率公式推导的基础公式出发,理论分析表明,公式中的潮差取为落潮流水位差更为合理;就治导工程蓄潮系数而言,现有文献提出的治导工程高、中潮位整治时分别取1.0和0.5过于简单。结合灌河口和长江口北槽航道整治工程案例分析表明,治导工程蓄潮系数不仅与整治建筑物高程有关,而且与整治工程平面布置形式密切相关,治导工程系数的取值部分情况下可采用经验公式计算取值,而复杂情况下建议结合数学模型或物理模型合理确定。     

Broaching prediction in the light of an enhanced mathematical model,with higher-order terms taken into account

 We have attempted to develop a more consistent mathematical model for capsizing associated with surf-riding in following and quartering waves by taking most of the second-order terms of the waves into account. The wave effects on the hull maneuvring coefficients were estimated, together with the hydrodynamic lift due to wave fluid velocity, and the change in added mass due to relative wave elevations. The wave effects on the hydrodynamic derivatives with respect to rudder angles were estimated by using the Mathematical Modelling Group (MMG) model. Then captive ship model experiments were conducted, and these showed reasonably good agreements between the experiments and the calculations for the wave effects on the hull and the rudder maneuvring forces. It was also found that the wave effects on restoring moments are much smaller than the Froude–Krylov prediction, and the minimum restoring arm appears on a wave downslope but not on a wave crest amidship. Thus, an experimental formula of the lift force due to the heel angle of the ship is provided for numerical modelling. Numerical simulations were then carried out with these second-order terms of waves, and the results were compared with the results of free-running model experiments. An improved prediction accuracy for ship motions in following and quartering seas was demonstrated. Although the boundaries of the ship motion modes were also obtained with both the original model and the present one, the second-order terms for waves are not so crucial for predicting the capsizing boundaries themselves. Received: June 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 10, 2002 Acknowledgments. This research was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (No. 13555270). The authors thank Prof. N. Rakhmanin of the Krylov Ship Research Institute for providing the Russian literature, as well as Mr. H. Murata of NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) for translating it into Japanese. Address correspondence to: N. Umeda (e-mail: umeda@naoe.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp)     

骑浪横甩薄弱性衡准技术的发展

介绍了骑浪/横甩的物理背景,以及骑浪/横甩第一层和第二层薄弱性衡准发展过程,并分析了骑浪横甩薄弱性衡准计算方法及初步衡准,掌握骑浪横甩薄弱性衡准技术的发展现状,有助于骑浪/横甩相关技术领域的研究,为船舶第二代完整稳性的技术发展奠定基础。     

LD-pumped Ho, Tm： YLF microchip laser

A simple rate equation model for 2μm Tm, Ho:YLF laser is given to study laser dynamics. Under low pump power, the explicit formulae for the threshold pump power and the relation between output power and incident power are obtained. The present model provides a straightforward procedure to design the laser resonator and the optical coupling system for optimization. At the same time, the experimental results are reported. At room temperature the slope efficiency is 22.4% and the typical lasing threshold is about 328mW. The theory is in good agreement with experiment.     

预压法引起的土体强度增长

从堆载预压和真空预压固结过程的不同,推导获得了堆载预压、真空预压和真空联合堆载预压条件下土体强度的增长公式,并与规范公式进行了分析比较。结果表明：真空预压和堆载预压引起的土体强度的增长并不相同,堆载预压引起土体强度增长值较规范公式略小,真空预压引起土体强度增长值较规范公式略大。因此建议对按规范公式计算获得的土体强度增长值进行适当调整。     

板式工艺吊耳计算及相关问题的探讨

给出板式工艺吊耳头部各危险截面拉应力、吊孔内表面挤压应力的算式,引入算例参数,给出计算结果并比较;对不同算法得到不同结果的原因进行探讨,提出算法和许用应力值的取用建议。