Microstructure Evolution of Different Forging Processes for 12％Cr Steel During Hot Deformation

Five forging experiments were designed and conducted to investigate the effect of process parameters on microstructure evolution during hot deformation for X12CrMoWVNbN10-1-1 steel.The experimental results indicated that average grain size became finer with the increasing number of upsetting and stretching.Especially,the size of stretching three times with upsetting twice had the most remarkable effect on refinement,and the size was only 27.36%of the original one.Moreover,the stress model was integrated into the software and finite element models were established.Simulation results demonstrated that the strain at center point of workpiece was far larger than critical strain value in each process,so that dynamic recrystallization(DRX) occurred in each workpiece,which implied DRX could occur for several times with the increasing number of upsetting and stretching,and uniform finer microstructure would be obtained.However,the results also showed that higher temperature was an unfavorable factor for grain refinement,so the times of heating should be limited for workpiece,and as many forging processes as possible should be finished in once heating.     

Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Long Cone-Shaped Forging Based on Rigid Visco-Plastic FEM

Based on synthetically considering the coupled thermo-mechanical relations between temperature and deforming,a numerical simulation of the forging process for the special long cone-shaped workpiece of Al-5.44M-2.15L-0.12Zr alloy at high temperature was conducted by using the rigid visco-plastic finite element method.The relations between the total load and the displacement druing the forging ,and the distributions of stress,strain,temperature and strain rate,which can provide useful information for the process design,are obtained.     

Multi-scale simulation for the forming of a heavy vessel head considering the evolution of defects and microstructure

The head of nuclear pressure vessel is a key component to guarantee the safety of nuclear power plant, so it is necessary to improve its mechanical properties during manufacturing. In the practical production, due to the huge size of the ingots from which the head is manufactured, coarse grains and voids are common defects existing in the material. Furthermore, cracks may appear in the forming process. It is highly demanded that the forming process must be properly designed with suitable parameters to compact the voids, to refine and homogenize the grains and to avoid cracks. Therefore, the research on the evolution of internal voids, grain size and cracks is very important to determine the forming process of huge components. SA508-3 steel is the material to manufacture the head of pressure vessel in the nuclear island. In the previous studies, we have separately built models to evaluate the evolution of internal voids, grain size and cracks during the hot forming process for SA508-3 steel. This study integrates the models for multi-scale simulation of the forging process of the head of nuclear pressure vessel in order to control the quality of the forgings. Through the software development, the models are integrated with a commercial finite element code DEFORM. Then, the extended forging and final forging processes of the head are investigated, and some appropriate deformation parameters are recommended.     

基于Kelvin链率型模型的混凝土徐变有限元计算

基于混凝土徐变固结理论,推导出一种计算混凝土徐变的递推格式,递推过程可以结合使用有限元商用软件来完成.首先,基于Kelvin链模型,将徐变Volterra积分方程转化为率型徐变积分微分方程;其次,将时间进行离散,通过引入中间变量,把率型徐变积分微分方程转化为可递推计算徐变方程;再次,使用可递推计算徐变方程,结合应力应变...     

高速冲击非线性有限元计算

在现有计算程序的基础上,引入有限变形几何框架及大变形条件下的Bodner-Partom本构模型。同时,利用实验数据确定了材料的物理参数。计算与实验对比说明,非线性几何计算及物理参数的确定方法可用于高速冲击过程。     

Numerical analysis of unconventional forging process of hollowed shaft from Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This paper presents theoretical analysis of unconventional forging process of hollowed shaft from Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a three-slide forging press. This method in comparison with other metal forming methods allows for obtaining of hollowed products. The designed process is verified theoretically by means of numerical simulations based on finite element method with assumption of 3D state of strain. The following factors are considered in the analysis: material flow kinematics, strain distribution, temperature distribution and force of process. On the basis of results, it is stated that the application of designed technology allows for obtaining of a product of assumed quality. A comparison is made between material consumption in analyzed process and material consumption in typical metal forming methods, also in used at present technology of shaft manufacturing by machining only. It is stated that the application of forging in the three-slide forging press allows for a considerable decrease of manufacturing costs due to material savings and decrease of labor consumption of operations at finishing.     

Numerical study of the forming process of high frequency welded pipe

The roll forming process is applied to the manufacturing of high frequency welded (HFW) pipes,section steels,etc. In this paper,the roll forming process of the HFW pipe is simulated with the finite element method (FEM). A user-defined material routine of the commercial finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit is developed,and the mixed hardening constitution model is realized through the user-defined material routine. Based on the mixed hardening constitutive equation,the numerical simulation of roll forming pro...     

Investigation on Zener-Hollomon Parameter in the Warm-Hot Deformation Behavior of CF53

The warm-hot deformation behavior of CF53 steel was studied with hot compression tests at temperature of 1 123 ~1 273 K and strain rate of 0.1~20 s -1 . The activation energy for warm-hot deformation is 274.816 kJ/mol. The influences of Zener-Hollomon parameter, strain and grain size imposing on the flow stress were analyzed in the temperature range of warm-hot forging. Based on the creep theory and mathematic theory of statistics, mathematical models of flow stress were obtained. The results provide a scientific basis for controlling microstructure of forging process through Zener-Hollomon parameter.     

水泥路面接缝传力杆周围混凝土损伤塑性分析

为揭示水泥路面接缝传力杆周围混凝土的受力特性与损伤机理,基于ABAQUS有限元软件,介绍了混凝土损伤塑性(CDP)模型及其参数确定方法,应用CDP模型模拟了混凝土试件单轴拉伸和压缩试验,通过对比模型试验结果验证了CDP模型参数的准确性;在此基础上,建立了接缝设置传力杆的水泥路面三维有限元模型,分析了在不同轴载作用下水泥路面接缝传力杆周围混凝土的塑性应变、损伤因子和等效应力的分布和发展规律,对比了采用CDP模型与混凝土弹性模型时传力杆周围混凝土的应力差异。分析结果表明:对于混凝土单轴拉伸、压缩试件,基于CDP模型的应力-变形全曲线模拟结果均与试验结果一致,说明CDP模型及其参数确定方法准确;对于接缝设传力杆的水泥路面,当荷载作用在接缝传力杆黏结端上方板边时,传力杆黏结端混凝土的受力最为不利;随着轴载的增大,传力杆黏结端底部混凝土率先发生损伤塑性,等效应力逐渐减小;当轴载从100 kN增大至250 kN时,传力杆周围混凝土塑性区范围从底部135°~225°扩展至60°~300°,底部150°~210°范围内混凝土发生完全损伤塑性而退出工作,等效应力趋于0,应力重分布导致更多的荷载由传力杆两侧和上部混凝土承担;若传力杆周围混凝土采用弹性模型,传力杆底部混凝土等效应力将不断增大而超过极限强度,因此,分析传力杆周围混凝土应力集中问题建议采用CDP模型。      

水压与外力共同作用下的岩石蠕变模型

为了更好地描述岩石蠕变的全过程以及在水压与外力共同作用下的岩石蠕变规律,对描述岩石蠕变特性的Burgers模型进行了修正.把非线形黏滞阻尼器与塑性元件并联,然后串联在Burgers模型中,从而得到修正的Burgers模型.通过分析和推导,建立了水压与外力共同作用下岩石蠕变全过程的本构方程,并给出了求解模型参数的方法.     

Two step forging process of spur gear based on rigid parallel motion

To improve the forging process of spur gear,the metal flow rule is investigated in detail,and a hypothesis of radial rigid-parallel-motive (RPM) flow mode is given. Based on the RPM mode a novel specific gear forging technology is put forward by introduced upend forging process and constrained divided-flow technique. Firstly,finite element method is used to simulate the upend forging pre-forming and RPM finish forging,and equivalent stress field and load-stroke curve are investigated. Secondly,a correspondi...     

耦合损伤时相关疲劳失效模型的有限元实现

为了将耦合损伤时相关疲劳失效模型移植到有限元软件ABAQUS中,使其能够对钎料合金简单结构试样的非比例多轴低周疲劳失效行为进行有限元模拟,通过ABAQUS提供的材料子程序UMAT对其进行了有限元实现,并通过典型算例对简单结构试样在非比例加载路径下的低周疲劳失效行为进行了有限元数值模拟.与相同加载路径下的实验结果比较表明:移植的模型能够较好地模拟钎料结构试样的载荷响应及载荷随循环周次的衰减,同时也能较好地预测其低周疲劳寿命,说明该疲劳失效模型的有限元移植是合理有效的.     

超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金循环变形行为的研究进展

首先对近20年来在超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金循环变形行为研究方面的最新进展进行了简要的综述和评价,总结了超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金在应变控制和应力控制循环加载下的单轴循环变形特征,重点阐述了该合金在单轴循环变形过程中一些重要力学性能参数的变化规律、残余变形的发展和相变棘轮行为特征;然后,结合循环变形实验研究成果,在宏观唯象模型的框架下,介绍了近年来建立的3种典型的、超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金的循环本构模型,并评述了3种模型的预言能力;最后,讨论了已有研究在超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金热-机械耦合、非比例多轴循环变形行为以及循环变形微观机理研究方面存在的不足,并为相关问题的进一步研究提出了一些建议.     

铝合金货车侧墙多道焊变形预测

基于热弹塑性有限元法,对铝合金货车侧墙多道焊焊接变形进行仿真预测,仿真中充分考虑了材料热物理属性的影响．基于实体一壳单元混合模型,建立了侧墙有限元网格模型,应用3D高斯双椭球热源模型实现了焊接过程温度场分析．从工程实际出发设计了四种焊接顺序,通过对四种焊序下仿真结果的对比分析,讨论了不同焊接顺序对铝合金货车侧墙焊接成形的影响,为研究大型铝合金薄板焊接过程中的应力应变和减少焊接应力与变形提供了参考依据．     

Forging penetration efficiency of steel H13 stepped shaft radial forging with GFM forging machine

The numerical thermal mechanical simulation of radial forging process of steel H13 stepped shaft with GFM (Gesellschaft fur Fertigungstechnik und Maschinenbau) forging machine was carried out by three-dimensional finite element code DEFORM 3D. According to the effective plastic strain, the mean stress and the mean plastic strain distribution of the radial forging, the forging penetration efficiency (FPE) was studied throughout each operation. The results show that the effective plastic strain in the center of the forging is always greater than zero for the desirable larger axial drawing velocity. The mean stress in the center of the workpiece is proposed to describe hydrostatic pressure in this paper. There is compressive strain layer beneath the surface of the workpiece to be found, while there is tensile strain core in the center of the workpiece. These results could be a valuable reference for designing the similar forging operations.     

Integral Recrystallization Modelling

1.IntroductionAlthoughmancanproducemetallicmaterialssincemorethan5(X)0yearsitisafundamentalfindingofonlythiscenturythatthePropertiesofamaterialarenotdeterminedbyanymacroscopicquantity,likeoverallcomposition,dimensions,strainortemperature,ratherthanbyitsmicrostructure,i.e.thespatialdistributionofelements,phases,orientationsanddefects.Thismicrosmicture,however,isliabletOchangeduringprocessingofamaterialfromtheliquidstatetothefinalproduct,anditcanbesubstantiallyaffectedbychangingtheprocessingcon…     

镁合金AZ31的差热分析及凝固组织观察

利用差热分析（DTA）和在不同温度下加热-急冷,并结合金相组织观察的方法研究了AZ31镁合金的凝固相变温度及凝固组织变化特征．通过对AZ31镁合金DTA曲线的分析和不同温度下金相组织的比较、分析,确定了该合金的相变起始温度为430．1℃,共晶温度为438．5℃,固相线温度为614．4℃,液相线温度为636．4℃．同时,通过对不同温度下急冷试样的组织观察,分析了AZ31镁合金在凝固过程中的相变及组织演变特征,并确定了差热分析所得相变温度的准确性．     

斜交角变化对斜交弯梁桥结构内力影响的计算分析

以一座斜交弯梁桥为工程背景,利用ANSYS软件建立该桥计算模型。采用结构有限元计算方法,运用参数变异法,计算在恒载和预应力作用下不同斜交角,即15°,30°,45°和60°,对斜交弯梁桥结构的边跨支撑、墩顶及跨中等关键位置产生的内力影响,对比随斜交角的变化,分析引起关键位置内力变化的规律及成因,验证了连续斜交弯梁桥空间力学分析采用板单元有限元素法的合理性,供工程设计及施工部门参考。     

金属再结晶组织模拟及实验对比研究

金属再结晶过程计算机组织模拟,可以仿真实验中观测不到的组织演变细节,得到定量的特征参数,预报退火后的材料性能,指导热处理工艺设计。构建一个新的静态再结晶MC Potts模拟模型,并以1060铝合金为研究对象,进行再结晶模拟与实验对比研究。结果表明,1060铝合金表现出明显的再结晶特征,得到了近似等轴晶组织;新模型模拟的再结晶形核位置、组织形貌与实验结果一致,组织演变过程也与实验结果基本一致,但模拟的再结晶等轴晶与实验近似等轴晶不完全一致,模拟的再结晶速度也低于实验结果。     

Simulation of large forging flat-anvil stretching process and its optimization

In this paper, a kind of mathematic method for optimizing stretching process of large forgings is proposed. Distributions of effective strain within forged ingots is described by a Gauss function, which is obtained from the simulation of flat-anvil stretching process. Successive stretching is expressed by the superimposing Gauss functions. Optimized stretching process, with both homogeneous and certain strain in the center of forgings, is presented by derivation of this function. The relationship between effective strain and the values of feed is obtained during the successive stretching with a rotation angle of 90° and a feed displacement of 1/2 anvil width. The optimization result is verified by finite element simulation. Optimized value of feed obtained using this method can ensure both uniformity and forging penetration. It provides mathematic model and theoretic basis of optimizing large forging stretching process.