Ship underwater noise assessment by the Acoustic Analogy part II: hydroacoustic analysis of a ship scaled model

In this paper the Acoustic Analogy is used to predict the underwater noise from a complete scaled ship model in a steady course. The numerical investigation is performed by coupling an incompressible RANS code, equipped with a level-set approach to account for the fundamental time evolution of the free surface, to a FWH-based hydroacoustic solver, here suitably designed to manage the huge set of data coming from a full-unsteady hydrodynamic simulation. The results reveal the overall limited contribution from the propeller thickness and loading noise components and the fundamental one from the nonlinear quadrupole sources. The comparison between the hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic solutions point out the noticeable scattering effects due to the hull surface, the possible influence of sound refractions at the free surface and, above all, the leading role played by the turbulent fluctuating component of the velocity field. Finally, by computing the pressure time histories at a prescribed set of virtual hydrophones and turning them into the frequency domain, the ship noise footprint in dB is traced out, thus showing how the Acoustic Analogy can be effectively used to analyze the ship hydroacoustic behavior, both in terms of amplitude and directivity.     

非均匀船舶尾流中工作的常规和大侧斜船用螺旋桨的水动力和水声计算预报（英文）

Despite their high manufacturing cost and structural deficiencies especially in tip regions, highly skewed propellers are preferred in the marine industry, where underwater noise is a significant design criterion. However, hydrodynamic performances should also be considered before a decision to use these propellers is made. This study investigates the trade-off between hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic performances by comparing conventional and highly skewed Seiun Maru marine propellers for a noncavitating case.Many papers in the literature focus solely on hydroacoustic calculations for the open-water case. However, propulsive characteristics are significantly different when propeller-hull interactions take place. Changes in propulsion performance also reflect on the hydroacoustic performances of the propeller. In this study, propeller-hull interactions were considered to calculate the noise spectra.Rather than solving the full case, which is computationally demanding, an indirect approach was adopted; axial velocities from the nominal ship wake were introduced as the inlet condition of the numerical approach. A hybrid method based on the acoustic analogy was used in coupling computational fluid dynamics techniques with acoustic propagation methods, implementing the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H) equation. The hydrodynamic performances of both propellers were presented as a preliminary study.Propeller-hull interactions were included in calculations after observing good accordance between our results, experiments, and quasi-continuous method for the open-water case. With the use of the time-dependent flow field data of the propeller behind a nonuniform ship wake as an input, simulation results were used to solve the FW-H equation to extract acoustic pressure and sound pressure levels for several hydrophones located in the near field. Noise spectra results confirm that the highest values of the sound pressure levels are in the low-frequency range and the first harmonics calculated by the present method are in good accordance with the theoretical values. Results also show that a highly skewed propeller generates less noise even in noncavitating cases despite a small reduction in hydrodynamic efficiency.     

Ship underwater noise assessment by the acoustic analogy,part III: measurements versus numerical predictions on a full-scale ship

The acoustic analogy represents a powerful and versatile approach, able to numerically predict the noise generated by a body moving in a fluid. It is widely used to provide essential indications about the aeroacoustic behavior of aircraft and helicopters (even at a design stage) and, eventually, to pursue effective strategies aimed at desirable reduction and/or control of noise. Nevertheless, applications in the area of hydroacoustics and in the prediction of ship underwater noise are very rare. In this paper, the potential of the acoustic analogy is directly tested on a large ferry, for which a measurement campaign at sea was performed. In spite of the complexity of the tested configuration [the ship mounts two contracted and loaded tip (CLT) propellers located ahead of two rudders, and its hull is characterized by a rather elongated skeg] and the many variables not taken into account in the numerical simulation (such as the contribution from machinery noise and the probable occurrence of tip vortex cavitation), the agreement between the measured and computed noise spectra is quite satisfactory. The analysis suggests many interesting features of the ship hydroacoustic field: the dominant role played by nonlinear sources far from the body and the relevance of scattering effects from the hull surface. Furthermore, the scattered pressure seems to contribute to alter the frequency content of the resulting signatures with respect to the blade passage frequencies. Finally, an overview of future developments and applications of this numerical approach for marine/maritime problems is presented.     

Underwater acoustic field and pressure fluctuation on ship hull due to unsteady propeller sheet cavitation

The main objective of this paper is to develop an efficient numerical method which can predict the underwater acoustic field and pressure fluctuation on a ship hull due to unsteady propeller sheet cavitation by linear acoustic theory. In addition, the noise scattered from the ship hull and reflected from the free surface are included. Concerning the computation of the acoustic field induced by unsteady sheet cavitation and forces of a marine propeller, a method is derived without making any approximation about the distance function between the noise source and field point. Thus, this method can be used to predict acoustic pressure at both far and near fields, and this is very important for the scattering problem because the ship hull is located very close to the propeller. For the computation of the scattering problem, a more efficient and robust method is derived in time domain, which can treat multi-frequency waves scattered from underwater obstacles. The acoustic fields of a container ship radiated by the propeller and scattered from the ship hull with free surface is investigated in this paper. The pressure fluctuations of low blade rate on the ship hull induced by the propeller are also computed by the present method and are found to be similar to the results obtained by a panel method satisfying the Laplace equation for the points near the propeller due to the small retarding time. However, for the points on the ship hull away from the propeller, the differences of the results between two methods will increase.     

舰艇螺旋桨水下噪声预测

螺旋桨空化噪声是舰艇最主要的辐射噪声源。文章分析了螺旋桨噪声平坡形谱曲线的特点,给出源声级谱级曲线的衰减指数值,分析了特征频率和峰值谱级的影响因素。由螺旋桨空化状态下两个特征航速对应的部分频段内的噪声谱级计算式拟合得到水面舰船螺旋桨空化后任意可达航速下的噪声谱曲线。结合叶梢周向速度一定时特征频率处谱级与螺旋桨直径的函数关系和频率一定时叶梢周向速度变化引起的特征频率处谱级变化量,得到潜艇螺旋桨无空化状态下特征频率处谱级,在空化状态下,还需要加上螺旋桨进入尖锐谱峰区和转速进一步升高引起的声级增加量,从而得到了潜艇在任意航态下整个频带内螺旋桨噪声谱级的计算式。利用已有数据对计算式进行了检验,计算声级误差小于4dB。计算中用到的叶梢初生空泡数和判定是否出现窄带调噪声要通过空泡筒试验确定。     

潜艇艉轴及电机激振对电机基座加速度的影响

电机振动为潜艇噪声的重要振源,掌握其特性对于优化艇体结构设计有着重要的意义。采用结构有限元耦合流体边界元的附加质量阻尼算法,对潜艇的2种不同位置激振的工况进行水下振动计算,并对数值计算结果进行了比较和分析。从离散频率的加速度值和功率两个层面上初步讨论了低频段内艉轴激振力与电机激振力对电机基座上加速度的影响。结果表明：在艉轴激振力比电机激振力大一个数量级的情况下,艉轴激振力对电机基座加速度的影响远小于电机激振力对其的影响,因而可以忽略。在实艇航行中,当艉轴与电机激振力同时存在的情况下,确保了电机振动特征信号测量的准确性。     

非均匀流场中螺旋桨线谱噪声指向性分析

为了对非均匀流场中螺旋桨线谱噪声的指向性特征进行分析,在Ffowcs William-Hawkings方程的基础上,建立了非均匀流场中螺旋桨线谱噪声的频域预报理论,该理论可对声源在真实桨叶表面进行积分。讨论了螺旋桨叶数、来流谐波阶数以及叶片表面力对线谱噪声指向性的影响。结果表明,特征耦合系数是线谱噪声指向性分布形态的决定因素,并且当特征耦合系数等于零时,辐射噪声主要由轴向力和主要谐波所贡献;当特征耦合系数不为零时,轴向力和主要谐波的贡献只集中于桨轴方向,而桨盘面处的噪声贡献则来源于周向力和与叶片数目相等的谐波。     

Fatigue predictions for flexible marine propellers using FSI analysis considering Euler force in the rotating frame

Analysis of flexible marine propellers in terms of their structural response and stress is the key to accurate fatigue prediction. At present, finite element method (FEM) analyses of flexible propellers have been performed as a part of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis using a numerical method for the flexible structures, which is identical to that used for their rigid counterparts. In this study, the Euler force in a rotating frame is employed as an additional external force on the blades of the marine propeller during the FSI analysis. The Euler force is an inertial force component in the rotating frame due to angular acceleration. Acceleration of the rotating frame arises from large deformations of the propeller due to its flexible characteristics. The angular acceleration of the propeller is obtained for each time step, and the resulting Euler force is accounted for as a body force. The FSI analysis results are compared to experimental results in terms of the structural response, stress, and fatigue. It is clear that the Euler force has a major effect on the fatigue characteristics of the propeller because it amplifies the main response components. In conclusion, incorporating the Euler force in FSI analyses of flexible marine propellers is necessary for adequate prediction of the propeller fatigue.     

船用螺旋桨噪声研究进展

船用螺旋桨位于船舶最末端,既是驱使船舶前进的一个重要部件,又是船舶航行中引起噪声问题的一个主要因素。文章概述了螺旋桨空泡噪声、螺旋桨无空泡噪声和螺旋桨鸣音产生的原理,详细介绍目前国内外对这3种螺旋桨噪声的研究现状,分析并归纳研究螺旋桨噪声采用的方法,指出未来研究船用螺旋桨噪声的方向。     

Nonlinear hydroelastic behavior of propellers using a finite-element method and lifting surface theory

A finite-element method coupled with analysis of a noncavitating lifting surface was used to assess the performance of a marine propeller, including the thrust, torque, efficiency coefficients, and deflections. The formulation used displacements as unknowns in the structural part and the strength of the vortex as unknowns in the fluid part. A coupled matrix derived from the Bernoulli equation and hydrostatic pressure in terms of the strength, of the vortex enforced coupling between the fluid and the structure. The resulting matrix equation was unsymmetric and nonlinear; a Newton-Raphson procedure was used to solve this equation. The numerical results were compared with test data; computed and measured values agreed satisfactorily. We also investigated the effect of blade thickness on the performance and strength of the propeller. We did not consider the fatigue strengh of the propeller in this analysis.     

机械和螺旋桨振动噪声作用下的物探船水下辐射噪声数值预报

探讨了考虑机械噪声和螺旋桨噪声共同作用下物探船水下辐射噪声有效计算方法,采用基于结构有限元-声学边界元的声固耦合模式直接一体化计算水下总辐射噪声级。建立了某物探船整船三维结构有限元模型以及流体声学边界元模型。在船体总振动响应分析基础上,将螺旋桨噪声以点声源的形式与机械振动源同时输入到统一声学环境中求解,对物探船水下辐射噪声进行数值预报,给出了物探船辐射噪声指向特性,并比较了两类噪声源一体化计算方法与直接叠加合成方法在物探船水下辐射噪声计算结果的差异。研究表明,采用机械噪声与螺旋桨噪声直接叠加合成总辐射声级的方法在工程精度上可接受,但一体化计算是更合理的处理方式。     

潜艇缓变声学故障预报研究

潜艇在使用过程中,因设备产生的振动噪声异常可能使潜艇的声隐身性能恶化．从而显著增加在敌方水声威胁中的暴露率。利用多输入多输出（MIMO）模型获得潜艇机械噪声源对其水下噪声贡献比大小．通过分析噪声源贡献比时间序列是否异常,判断潜艇是否存在潜在声学故障。跟踪故障变化情况．调整噪声源贡献的计算时间间隔,同时根据贡献时间序列的变化趋势,线性预估发生故障的时间。最后通过试验验证该方法的可行性。     

激光空化在水下假目标中的应用研究

潜艇螺旋桨完全空化后,其对外所辐射的空化噪声是主要噪声源。针对这一特征,考虑利用激光光源在远处水下产生空化噪声作为假目标,用来模拟潜艇螺旋桨产生的空化噪声。对实现该水下对抗方法拟采取的实验研究路线与将建立的伪装系统进行了初步的探讨和研究。     

水下航行体降噪艉翼填角的数值模拟与试验研究

为降低水下航行体噪声,研究了艉翼填角的降噪效果。分析了水下航行体艉翼接合部马蹄涡影响螺旋桨伴流场的特征,认为马蹄涡对水下航行体噪声产生了不利影响。针对某无人水下航行体(UUV)设计了一种艉翼填角,运用CFD方法对该艉翼填角优化螺旋桨伴流场的效果进行了数值模拟,结果显示伴流场轴向速度的周向不均匀度系数下降35%-62%。将艉翼填角应用于该UUV,开展航行辐射噪声测量试验,结果显示艉翼填角使UUV航行噪声总声源级降低3.4 d B,尤其对低频噪声抑制较好。     

浅海信道调频水声语音通信方法比较

水声语音通信在海洋工程、海洋科考、水下搜救等领域具有广泛应用。与单边带通信、数字编码调制通信相比,调频水声语音通信具有实现简单方便、抗幅度衰落性能好的特点,但浅海水声信道具有的复杂多径效应及噪声严重影响其获得的语音音质,容易出现语音含混、语义难辨等问题。本文通过浅海不同距离、不同多径信道下的海试实验比较了采用非线性解调法和正交解调法的调频语音通信性能,并通过客观语音质量评估PESQ(Perceptual evaluation of speech quality)方法对调频水声语音通信音质进行量化评估。     

螺旋桨激振力作用下船体振动及水下辐射噪声研究

利用有限元法和边界元方法分析比较了螺旋桨激振力三个方向分力(轴向、横向、垂向)分别作用以及同时作用时引起的船体结构振动与水下辐射噪声。结果表明,船体结构在螺旋桨激振力作用下在轴频、叶频、一倍叶频、二倍叶频以及船体固有频率处振动响应出现线谱;横向螺旋桨激振力引起的船体水下辐射噪声最大,垂向力其次,最小是轴向力;三个方向激振力同时作用时船体最大辐射声功率出现在叶频处,主要由横向力引起,其次是轴频处,主要由轴向力引起。分析其原因主要是横向激振力在叶频时最大,而且与船体固有频率接近,产生共振,轴向力在轴频处次之。     

基于DES方法的螺旋桨尾涡演化数值研究

采用分离涡模拟(DES)方法对多工况下螺旋桨的尾流场特性及尾涡结构进行数值研究,应用滑移网格技术完成螺旋桨敞水试验模拟,采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型封闭N-S方程组。数值计算结果显示:采用DES方法得到的水动力特性结果与模型试验结果吻合度高,DES方法能够较好地捕捉到螺旋桨尾流场中复杂的尾涡结构,螺旋桨不同桨叶产生的梢涡之间的自诱导和相互诱导作用引起尾涡结构形态变化,4叶桨梢涡结构之间会产生2次融合重组,毂涡振荡与梢涡演化之间存在相互干扰作用,不同进速系数下尾涡演化规律基本一致。     

潜艇上方近场水下辐射噪声双峰特性的实验研究(英文)

The double-peak characteristic of underwater radiated noise in the near field on top of the target submarine was analyzed in depth on the basis of submarine test data on the sea. The contribution of three major noise sources to the radiated noise of a submarine were compared and analyzed, and emphasis was put on the original source, production mechanism, and their correlative characteristics. On the basis of analysis on underwater tracking and pass through characteristics of the target submarine, the double-peak phenomenon was reasonably interpreted. Furthermore, the correctness of the theoretical interpretation was verified adequately in real submarine tests. The double-peak phenomenon indicates that the space distributing character on submarine radiated noise are both asymmetrical with time and space, whereas that is provided with directivity. Studying the double-peak phenomenon in depth has important reference value and meaning in engineering practice for understanding the underwater radiated noise field of submarines.     

不同海域海洋环境水下地震波观测与分析

海洋环境水下地震波是水中目标探测、海底地壳活动及勘探等领域的重要研究方向.本文利用地震波传感器对我国部分海域环境地震波进行观测,并用爆炸声源对已知信号进行海上测试.经分析可得:根据不同震源可将环境地震波从频率上分为长周期波、远震、近震、航线等,航线地震波与其他噪声相比在5 Hz以上有明显宽频信号;同一海域,远震、近震和航线等环境地震波受水深影响较大;深海环境地震波噪声较低,且深海比浅海舰船地震波探测距离增加1倍以上;单传感器接收时地震波传感器接收信号信噪比高于水听器;爆炸声源地震波水平分量信噪比大于垂直分量,极化特征明显.     

源识别方法在实艇水下噪声数据分析中的应用

本文对多点同步测量方法记录的舰艇噪声数据，采取在时域上作滤波、时延补偿和互相关得到输入输出协方差矩阵，然后从输入输出协方差矩阵计算在网络意义和偏相干意义下输入对输出的贡献以及其它有用的量。