天然气管道干燥技术综述

概述了目前天然气管道研究中采用的几种干燥技术方法以及这些方法在国内的应用情况,对国内干燥技术的应用状况做了对比。重点介绍了目前国内常用的干空气干燥法和真空干燥法的基本原理和各自的优缺点,分析了影响干空气干燥法和真空干燥法的各种因素。     

天然气管道干燥技术

介绍了几种天然气管道常用的干燥方法,并进行了对比.重点介绍了目前国内常用的干空气干燥法和真空干燥法的基本原理、工艺流程和各自的优缺点,分析了影响干空气干燥法和真空干燥法的各种因素,提出了干燥合格的标准及注意事项.     

天然气管道干空气干燥研究

天然气管道的干燥处理是输气管道投产前的重要工艺环节.研究表明,最经济安全的干燥法为干空气干燥法,其过程为复杂的传热、传质.文中介绍干空气干燥工艺原理,并对其干燥和吸水过程,应用质量守恒原理、相平衡理论和费克定律,建立了天然气管道干燥机理模型、吸水机理模型及密闭稳定再干燥模型,编制了应用程序;利用双庙1井-杨柳垭天然气管...     

天然气管道干燥方法的对比分析与应用

介绍了天然气管道投产使用的流动气体蒸发法、真空干燥法和干燥剂干燥法的原理和工艺,以及真空干燥和干空气干燥的计算模型。对真空干燥、干空气干燥和二者结合的方法用于管道投产前的干燥进行了研究,提出管道应采用结合干燥法的建议,并对管道干燥所需的时间进行了预测,单独使用真空干燥法比单独使用干空气干燥需时长,且二者结合干燥的方法干燥时间最短。     

PIG清洗技术研究

随着科技发展和工业的需要,物理清洗工程的技术应用越来越多.PIG清洗是用物理手段清除污垢的一种技术.文中介绍了PIG清洗的前期准备和现场问题处理,给现场施工提出参考性的意见,并结合工程实例分析解决方法.     

高速铁路隧道内瞬变气压和乘车舒适度准则

高速列车通过隧道时所诱发的各种空气动力学效应中,瞬变压力问题是需要在隧道设计中着重考虑的.瞬变压力不仅会作用于隧道结构和车辆,而且会对乘员健康和旅客乘车舒适度产生不利影响,文章对此进行了研究.同时,在对国外有关技术标准研究分析的基础上,通过现场试验着重对我国高速铁路隧道设计气压舒适度准则提出了建议.     

X射线数字成像技术在长输管道中的应用

针对目前长输管道X射线胶片成像技术劳动强度大、效率低、成本高的缺点,开展了X射线数字成像技术的研究,通过研究以及现场试验确定了该技术在长输管道中应用的可行性。文中通过对该技术原理、现行标准以及现场工程实践应用的分析,表明X射线数字成像技术在长输管道环焊缝检测中结果直观、效率高、成本低。     

通过控制过量空气系数提高注汽锅炉热效率

通过理论分析及现场测试 ,分析了过量空气系数对注汽锅炉热效率的影响 ,得出了在注汽锅炉实际运行中应加强对过量空气系数的监控 ,使过量空气系数降低 ,从而提高注汽锅炉热效率的结论     

新技术新工艺

<正>"沥青路面现场热再生技术"通过验收近日,由山东省路桥集团有限公司承担的交通运输部科技成果推广项目"沥青路面现场热再生技术及设备的推广应用"通过验收。该项目通过室内试验、理论分析与典型示范工程应用,开展了现场热再生沥青混合料设计指标、改性沥青混合料与SMA再生技术、温拌再生技术等深化研究,提出了多步法沥青路面现场热再生分层加热、分层铣刨及间歇式强制拌和等成套技术,完善了现场热再生机组,研制了现场热再生     

汽车空气悬架的发展及我国研发对策思考

空气悬架诞生于十九世纪中期,早期用于机械设备隔振.1947年,美国首先在普耳曼汽车上使用空气悬架,欧洲及日本等国家和地区相继对汽车空气悬架作了应用研究.目前,国外这些地方无论是客车还是载重车都已经比较普遍采用空气悬架系统,而国内却处于刚刚起步阶段,只应用在一些豪华客车和少部分重型载货车上.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。