基于微分几何理论的汽车半主动悬架非线性振动控制

针对汽车悬架系统的非线性特性,采用1／4汽车二自由度悬架模型分析半主动悬架控制。应用微分几何理论得到输出-干扰解耦方法,再经适当的坐标变换将该模型由非线性系统简化成一线性系统,并对此系统进行最优控制,然后通过非线性状态反馈实现对原系统的半主动控制。与被动悬架的仿真结果进行了比较,表明这种针对具有非线性特征的半主动悬架的非线性控制方法是可行的。通过功率谱分析,控制后系统的能量比被动悬架更趋于平均,悬架动态性能更稳定。     

基于挠度理论的特殊自锚式悬索桥基础微分方程

自锚式索托桥作为一种特殊的自锚式悬索桥,受力情况与自锚式悬索桥近似,基于大位移非线性弹性理论的广义变分原理,建立了两跨自锚式索托桥挠度理论下的大位移不完全广义势能泛函,通过约束变分推导出自锚式索托桥基于挠度理论的基础微分方程.结果表明,在不考虑主缆纵向位移、不计吊杆拉伸和倾斜的情况下,不同的结构形式对于推导的结果没有影响,自锚式索托桥与自锚式悬索桥具有相同的挠度理论方程,它可以近似的等同于弹性理论方程,是一种线性的方程,适合于用弹性理论求解,对自锚式索托桥进行初步设计分析提供了理论依据.     

油气主动悬架非线性模型的建立、仿真与试验验证

本文通过分析油气悬架中存在的气体弹簧刚度非线性特性和摩擦力，建立了主动悬架的非线性模型。分析了悬架的非线性特性对悬架运动的影响。仿真和试验结果表明，非线性模型比线性模型更接近油气悬架的实际情况，根据非线性模型设计的车身高度控制策略比根据线性模型设计的控制策略具有更好的控制效果。     

电磁主动悬架的设计及仿真研究

基于电磁学原理,利用电磁铁作为主动悬架的作动器,构造出电磁作动器的一般结构。在1/4汽车悬架的基础上,建立了电磁主动悬架的非线性模型,并应用现代控制理论设计了该模型的次优控制器,对该模型进行分析、仿真。模拟结果表明,电磁悬架能够实现一般主动悬架的功能,满足车辆平顺性的要求,可以适用于汽车的悬架系统。     

An insight into linear quarter car model accuracy

The linear quarter car model is the most widely used suspension system model. A number of authors expressed doubts about the accuracy of the linear quarter car model in predicting the movement of a complex nonlinear suspension system. In this investigation, a quarter car rig, designed to mimic the popular MacPherson strut suspension system, is subject to narrowband excitation at a range of frequencies using a motor driven cam. Linear and nonlinear quarter car simulations of the rig are developed. Both isolated and operational testing techniques are used to characterise the individual suspension system components. Simulations carried out using the linear and nonlinear models are compared to measured data from the suspension test rig at selected excitation frequencies. Results show that the linear quarter car model provides a reasonable approximation of unsprung mass acceleration but significantly overpredicts sprung mass acceleration magnitude. The nonlinear simulation, featuring a trilinear shock absorber model and nonlinear tyre, produces results which are significantly more accurate than linear simulation results. The effect of tyre damping on the nonlinear model is also investigated for narrowband excitation. It is found to reduce the magnitude of unsprung mass acceleration peaks and contribute to an overall improvement in simulation accuracy.     

Level and attitude control of the active suspension system with integral and derivative action

A 7-DOF full-car model with optimal active control suspension is utilized to evaluate the vehicle dynamic performances which are achieved through proposed controllers. The optimal controller, which includes the integral action for the suspension deflection, considerably improves the attitude control of a vehicle because the rolling and pitching motion in cornering and braking maneuvers are reduced, respectively. In the viewpoint of level control, the integral control acting on the suspension deflection results in the zero steady-state deflection in response to static body forces and ramp road input. The dynamic characteristics of the suspension control system are evaluated in terms of time domain and frequency domain. The simulations in the time domain demonstrate the advantages of the active suspension system obtained by penalizing the integral and derivative of suspension deflections and the derivative of roll and pitch angles in the performance index. The frequency characteristic curves obtained by simulations regarding integral action or derivative action show the increase of both ride comfort and road-holding performances by maximizing the use of suspension deflections. The potential of derivative control is shown by the performances of the car traveling over a bump and braking.     

Level and attitude control of the active suspension system with integral and derivative action

A 7-DOF full-car model with optimal active control suspension is utilized to evaluate the vehicle dynamic performances which are achieved through proposed controllers. The optimal controller, which includes the integral action for the suspension deflection, considerably improves the attitude control of a vehicle because the rolling and pitching motion in cornering and braking maneuvers are reduced, respectively. In the viewpoint of level control, the integral control acting on the suspension deflection results in the zero steady-state deflection in response to static body forces and ramp road input. The dynamic characteristics of the suspension control system are evaluated in terms of time domain and frequency domain. The simulations in the time domain demonstrate the advantages of the active suspension system obtained by penalizing the integral and derivative of suspension deflections and the derivative of roll and pitch angles in the performance index. The frequency characteristic curves obtained by simulations regarding integral action or derivative action show the increase of both ride comfort and road-holding performances by maximizing the use of suspension deflections. The potential of derivative control is shown by the performances of the car traveling over a bump and braking.     

Design of Nonlinear Controllers for Active Vehicle Suspensions Using Parameter-Varying Control Synthesis

Nonlinear suspension controllers have the potential to achieve superior performance compared to their linear counterparts. A nonlinear controller can focus on maximizing passenger comfort when the suspension deflection is small compared to its structural limit. As the deflection limit is approached, the controller can shift focus to prevent the suspension deflection from exceeding this limit. This results in superior ride quality over the range of road surfaces, as well as reduced wear of suspension components. This paper presents a novel approach to the design of such nonlinear controllers, based on linear parameter-varying control techniques. Parameter-dependent weighting functions are used to design active suspensions that stiffen as the suspension limits are reached. The controllers use only suspension deflection as a feedback signal. The proposed framework easily extends to the more general case where all the three main performance metrics, i.e., passenger comfort, suspension travel and road holding are considered, and to the design of road adaptive suspensions.     

Design of Nonlinear Controllers for Active Vehicle Suspensions Using Parameter-Varying Control Synthesis

Nonlinear suspension controllers have the potential to achieve superior performance compared to their linear counterparts. A nonlinear controller can focus on maximizing passenger comfort when the suspension deflection is small compared to its structural limit. As the deflection limit is approached, the controller can shift focus to prevent the suspension deflection from exceeding this limit. This results in superior ride quality over the range of road surfaces, as well as reduced wear of suspension components. This paper presents a novel approach to the design of such nonlinear controllers, based on linear parameter-varying control techniques. Parameter-dependent weighting functions are used to design active suspensions that stiffen as the suspension limits are reached. The controllers use only suspension deflection as a feedback signal. The proposed framework easily extends to the more general case where all the three main performance metrics, i.e., passenger comfort, suspension travel and road holding are considered, and to the design of road adaptive suspensions.     

基于参考模型的半主动悬架滑模控制

在分析电流变阻尼器工作原理与结构的基础上,基于参考模型设计了1/4车辆悬架系统的滑模控制器.研究了系统在随机路面激励条件下车身加速度、悬架动行程和轮胎动位移等性能指标的控制效果.运用Simu-link在不同的车速和车身质量的情况下进行了仿真分析,结果表明:控制后悬架各性能指标均得到明显改善,滑模控制器性能稳定,对系统参数的改变具有很好的鲁棒性.     

爆炸冲击波荷载作用下悬索桥的竖弯振动

针对大跨度悬索桥可能遭受的爆炸冲击波威胁,研究了空中爆炸冲击波荷载作用下悬索桥的竖向弯曲振动.基于悬索桥挠度理论.采用模态叠加法得到了悬索桥空中爆炸冲击波作用下动挠度的解析解.算例表明,最大动挠度解析解与数值模拟结果吻合较好,误差小于10%.     

利用非线性反馈控制悬架系统的混沌行为

基于磁流变减振器的汽车悬架系统具有明显的滞后非线性,这直接导致了系统存在分岔与混沌的可能性。分析了悬架系统在路面单频正弦激励下的受迫振动,揭示了该系统存在混沌运动可能性。在此基础上,利用非线性反馈控制方法对这类混沌行为进行了控制,并采用Melnikov方法确定该控制系统的增益系数。     

基于LQR控制的现代客车自适应空气悬架

长期在不良工况的道路上驾驶会降低驾驶员的乘坐舒适性。随着人们对乘坐舒适性需求不断提升,空气弹簧的优势尤为明显。文章提出了一种基于LQR控制策略的自适应空气悬架系统的创新设计方案,提出的LQR控制器采用粒子群算法进行优化。以客车空气悬架为研究对象,采用MATLAB软件对空气悬架系统的被动和自适应动力学模型进行了设计和仿真。仿真结果表明,自适应空气悬架系统在保证车辆稳定性的同时,降低了车辆在随机道路上的最大位移幅值,从而提高了车辆的平顺性。     

某中型4×2载货车方向盘自动偏转问题的分析与改进

针对某中型4×2载货车空车到装满货物后方向盘自动偏转的问题,文章从转向传动系统与前悬架系统运动协调性的角度进行分析,分别借助作图法和ADAMS软件对转向传动系统与前悬架系统之间运动干涉量进行计算分析,并提出具体的优化改进措施,解决整车加载过程中方向盘偏转的问题。     

人行索桥合理结构形式研究

为得到适合山区人行索桥的合理结构形式,通过对目前大部分山区人行索桥安全隐患及事故的调查,并对悬索桥和索道桥进行理论计算和对比分析,提出索桁结构概念。索桁桥结构由上主缆、下桥面缆索及吊杆组成,通过在空载下张拉下桥面索形成一个类似桁架结构的空间体系。通过对索桁桥、悬索桥、索道桥3种结构形式的对比分析可知,在山区修建人行索桥采用索桁结构体系是比较合理的,索桁桥可以降低活载挠度,节省工程造价。     

非线性液压阻尼悬架的优化设计及最优控制

本文对二自由度非线液压阻尼悬架系统进行了统计线性分析，并提出这种半主动非线性液压阻尼悬架系统针对不同路况进行最优控制的控制策略；同时对非线性阻尼系统进行实时仿真，得出此类液压阻尼对振动的抑制优于线性阻尼的结论。     

汽车非线性半主动悬架的模糊神经网络控制

考虑磁流变减振器阻尼力和悬架弹性元件非线性特性，建立车辆6自由度的半主动悬架非线性动力学模型。提出了一种基于模糊神经网络系统结构的模型参考自适应控制方法来研究汽车半主动悬架的非线性控制问题，并考虑半车模型前后悬架的输入时滞，对其进行了仿真研究。研究结果表明：运用模糊神经网络非线性控制方法能够使人体和车身垂直加速度、俯仰角加速度都得到很大的衰减，证实这种模糊神经网络控制方法可大大减少路面对车身的振动冲击，提高汽车行驶平顺性。     

工程车辆非线性橡胶悬架动力学建模与优化

以AD250铰接式自卸车的非线性变刚度橡胶悬架为研究对象,应用模态综合法和多柔体系统动力学理论,并通过整车试验建立了整车刚柔耦合动力学模型。以行驶平顺性和操纵稳定性为优化目标,采用序列二次规划法,对不同载荷、不同等级路面和不同车速下的悬架特性参数进行优化,得到了不同工况下的最优悬架特性参数。通过最小二乘法拟合得到了橡胶悬架刚度参数的理想非线性特性曲线。仿真结果表明,优化后的橡胶悬架系统能使车辆保持良好的行驶平顺性。     

Adaptive Control of Vehicle Suspension

An adaptive control scheme for a two-degree-of-freedom vehicle model with active suspension is proposed. The performance goal is to minimize the variance of vehicle body acceleration under inequality constraints imposed on the variance of either tire or suspension deflection. An active suspension is adapted to the changes in vehicle velocity and the type of road (or terrain) surface which is assumed to be reconstructable from the accelerometer measurements. The control gain factors are obtained by the iterative method taking advantage of stochastic linear control theory. The performance of the system is evaluated and compared to that of an active system with constant gain factors and a passive system with adjustable parameters.     

基于预紧弹簧系统的桥梁挠度冲击系数量测方法

为了提高桥梁挠度及冲击系数测试的稳定性,在传统悬锤法基础上,基于弹簧预紧效应,提出了预紧弹簧法。首先依据车-桥耦合振动理论,以简支梁桥为对象推导了车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动方程,进行了室内试验和系统数值验证;在此基础上分别建立了车辆-桥梁-悬锤系统和车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧系统的有限元模型,利用数值解法分析了横向风荷载对悬锤法和预紧弹簧法测量主梁挠度及冲击系数的影响;根据建立的车辆-桥梁-预紧弹簧耦合振动系统,研究了影响该方法精度的关键性因素,并给出系统参数选型优化经验公式。最后,以一座30 m预制装配式简支箱梁桥为例,在随机车载激励下,进行支架法、悬锤法和预紧弹簧法3种方法的对比试验。研究结果表明：预紧弹簧法与传统悬锤法相比,冲击系数受风荷载影响较小;无风环境下,预紧弹簧法易受铁丝抗拉刚度、弹簧刚度和悬挂长度的影响,而与初始预紧力值无关;通过合理选用参数,预紧弹簧法能够实现主梁与系统同相位振动;工程实例表明该方法与支架法挠度冲击系数平均误差为6.1%,精度高于悬锤法测量结果,该方法也可为桥梁结构静动载大位移测试提供借鉴。