Quantitative phase analysis of the calcium silicate slag as the residue of extracting alumina from high-alumina fly ash

Calcium silicate slag is the residue of process of pre-desilication alkali lime sintering applied in the high-alumina fly ash to extract the alumina. The quantitative phase analysis (QPA) of the calcium silicate slag has been performed by the Rietveld method based on the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) with the aid of noncommercial software GSAS-EXPGUI. A known weight of crystalline internal standard (10% CaF₂) was added to the calcium silicate slag to calculate the fraction of amorphous phase and other crystalline phases on an absolute basis. Besides, the calcium silicate slag was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermo gravimetric (TG) differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to test the QPA results and investigate its other characters. Finally, the results show that the amorphous fraction is 17.5% (hereinafter, the percentages refer to the mass fraction), and the major crystalline phases detected in the calcium silicate slag consist of 23.5% Beta-Ca2SiO₄, 10.0% bredigite, 10.3% Ca₃Al₂O₆ (C₃A) and 21.6% CaCO₃.     

Effect of modified supplementary cementitious material on performance of mortar and concrete in marine environment

This study aims to explore the durability issues regarding chloride ion corrosion of concrete structures, and further investigates the modified supplementary cementitious material (MSCM) which acts as a significant enhancer of performance of mortar and concrete. The composition of MSCM includes mineral slag powder, fly ash and inhibitor. The microstructure, sulfate erosion resistance and electric flux of high-performance concrete are tested with MSCM, and the results show that the pore structure of concrete is improved significantly along with excellent electrochemical performance. It is observed that the substantiality of concrete after being mixed with 18% (mass fraction) MSCM is enhanced effectively. The sulfate resistance coefficient of concrete is found to be greater than 1.2, and the electric flux of concrete is less than 600C. These results have demonstrated that the MSCM possesses an excellent electrochemical performance and a wide applicative prospect in marine environment.     

Improvement the electrochemical performance of Li1.2Ni0.2Mn0.6O2 electrode with AlF3 added

Layered solid solution material Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ is synthesized and the AlF₃ is added to improve the electrochemical performance. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ samples exhibit layered characteristics. The AlF₃ additive is detected by transmission electron microscope (TEM) technology. The electrochemical tests show that Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ electrode with AlF₃ added delivers better discharge capacity (240mA· h/g), first coulomb efficiency 79.2%, cyclic performance (capacity retention ratio of 100.6% after 50 cycles), and rate capacity (68mA · h/g at 10 capacity (C)) than the pristine sample. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results show that the charge transfer resistance of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ electrode with AlF₃ added increases slower than that of pristine Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ after cycling, which is responsible for better cyclic and rate performance.     

Grain refining mechanism of carbon inoculation on Mg-Al alloy

The processing parameters and refining mechanism of Mg-Al alloy treated with a newly developed carbon inoculant under different conditions were investigated experimentally in this work. Results show that the finest ??-Mg grain in AZ91D alloy can be obtained after processing at about 740°C, and the average grain size of ??-Mg grain decreases from about 180.4 to 85.6 ??m by adding mass fraction w _in = 1% inoculant into melt. However, no evident refinement was achieved with excessive inoculant for Mn-free Mg-9Al alloy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis on the Mn-contained intermediate phase and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results indicate that Mn element plays an important role in the heterogeneous nucleation of ??-Mg grain. In the early stage of solidification, Al-Mn-C compound particles formed on the surface of Al₄C₃ nano-particles should be the potential nuclei for primary ??-Mg and probably responsible for the grain refinement achieved in the carbon inoculation process.     

孔结构对水泥混凝土抗冻性的影响

采用基于数字分析技术的测孔法及压汞法分别测试水泥混凝土的孔结构,研究水泥混凝土抗冻性与孔结构的关系,并对孔结构对混凝土冻融性能的影响加以分析。结果表明,掺入优质引气剞等外加剂可显著改善混凝土的孔结构,从而提高混凝土的抗冻耐久性。     

基于灰色系统理论的高寒盐沼泽区混凝土耐久性评估

依托青海省德香高速工程, 通过混凝土室内损伤试验, 分析了冻融干湿循环和盐腐蚀耦合作用下混凝土动弹性模量的演化过程与特征; 基于灰色系统理论, 建立了不同工况下混凝土相对动弹性模量GM (1, 1) 预测模型, 预测了2种损伤条件下3种配合比混凝土耐久年限; 依据室内损伤试验与灰色系统理论GM (1, 1) 模型预测结果分析了混凝土的组分, 研究了不同掺合料对混凝土耐久性的影响。研究结果表明: 混凝土耐久性GM (1, 1) 预测模型的相对误差在6%以内, 且后验差比值小于0.35, 小概率误差大于0.95, 预测精度较高; 不同使用环境对混凝土耐久性影响差异较大, 复合盐腐蚀-养护冻融循环的影响程度较复合盐腐蚀-浸泡冻融循环提高了42.8%~46.2%;掺加了粉煤灰、硅灰与膨胀剂的配合比Ⅲ的混凝土耐久性最好, 耐久年限较基准配合比混凝土提高了50%以上, 因此, 为了保证混凝土耐久性, 在类似地区工程实践中, 可参考配合比Ⅲ进行现场混凝土配比设计; 粉煤灰与矿渣同时使用将会生成钙矾石, 相比基准配合比, 不同配合比下混凝土耐久年限降低率均在50%以上, 严重损伤混凝土耐久性。      

Improvements of elevated temperature strength and creep resistance of Mg-12Zn-4Al based alloy with calcium addition

A series of Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn (ZA124) based alloys with additions of calcium have been prepared and their microstructure and properties have been investigated. The results show that Mg-12Zn-4Al-0.3Mn alloy consists of the ??-Mg matrix and block quasicrystal and exhibits excellent creep resistance compared to commonly used AZ91 alloy. A small amount of calcium addition to the ZA124 based alloys increased the yield strenghth at both ambient and elevated temperatures as well as creep resistance, although the ductility decreased slightly. Microanalysis indicated that the addition of calcium decreased the quasicrystalline phase and caused the formation of some lamellar precipitates of Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ with orthorhombic crystal structure. This Ca-containing Al₂Mg₅Zn₂ phase with high stability straddled the grain boundaries and strengthened grain boundaries by inhibiting crack propagation during creep tests at elevated temperature.     

Electronic structures and magneto-transport properties of co-based Heusler alloy based magneto-resistance junctions

A direct link between band structure and the ballistic transport property of full-Heusler alloys based Co₂ YZ/Al/Co₂ YZ trilayers (Y = Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Fe; Z = Al, Si and Ge) has been studied by firstprinciples calculations. It is found that the transport efficiency is determined primarily by three factors related to band structure: the shape of the band crossing Fermi energy E _F, the distance d of the two intersection points of Co₂ YZ and Al at E _F, and the absolute maximum of the energy lying in the E _F-crossing band, |E_max|. The transmission coefficient distribution patterns imply that the affected factor of magneto-resistance (MR) ratio is attributed to the band features around E _F. In general, an intuitively illustrated diagram is proposed to clarify the relationship between the probability of electron transition and the current magnitude.     

Purification effects of C2Cl6 on A00 aluminum

The effects of several fluxes on purification, microstructures and properties of A00 aluminum have been studied. The experimental results and analyses indicate that many cracks and large porosities exist in the surface film above the melt purified by C₂Cl₆ and that the film is floc and mostly composed of Al₂O₃ and pure aluminum, which carries many carbon particles and AlCl₃ not fully volatilized. And then over 50% (mass fraction) of the all-melting residue is pure aluminum, which is one of the major reasons for high melting loss. Moreover, because of a mass of gas bubbles and a state of seethe, there are many inclusions which size is under 10 ??m in the microstructure of A00 aluminum purified with C₂Cl₆ or fluxes containing C₂Cl₆. With this purifying method, the aluminum crystal grains are extended along the radius that was observed firstly and the average crystal size of A00 aluminum are about 100?C150 ??m. In addition, small size inclusions have little affected on tensile strength and micro inclusions under 10 ??m have little affected on elongation.     

SAP内养生水泥混凝土综述

分析了超吸水性聚合物(SAP)的材料性能和SAP内养生混凝土配合比设计的关键参数，提出了内养生混凝土组成设计方法；从SAP吸释水行为和内养生混凝土水化特征角度，探讨了SAP内养生混凝土水分传输机制，综述了SAP内养生混凝土的收缩阻裂性能、力学性能和耐久性能；通过界面过渡区特征、水化产物和孔结构特征，探究了SAP内养生混凝土性能增强机理；总结了SAP内养生混凝土国内外工程应用情况，并展望了其未来的研究方向和应用前景。分析结果表明:SAP内养生原理为其本身的吸释水特性，但因SAP性能的差异和混凝土配合比等因素的不同，内养生水泥混凝土的各项性能有一定的差异性；SAP在渗透压和离子浓度的驱动下及时释水，补充混凝土内部水分丧失，降低早期水化热，并提升后期水化程度；SAP内养生混凝土的各项性能均受到其粒径、掺量和额外引水量的影响，在各参数均合适的条件下，SAP能够有效抑制混凝土的自收缩和干燥收缩，并增强混凝土的力学性能；SAP能够促进水化反应，生成更多的水化产物，填充混凝土的孔隙，增强混凝土的密实性，细化孔结构，切断连通孔隙，从而改善混凝土的抗冻、抗渗等耐久性能；SAP的再溶胀能力可阻塞混凝土裂缝，生成的CaCO₃等水化产物可使混凝土裂缝自愈合；SAP内养生作用能够增强水泥石与集料之间的黏结性，减少甚至消除界面过渡区微裂缝，提高界面过渡区强度；SAP内养生水泥混凝土在桥梁桥面整体化层、横隔梁、湿接缝、桥墩及隧道二次衬砌等部位已成功应用，抗裂效果优良。      

粉煤灰-矿渣基地聚物混凝土的抗碳化性能

F级粉煤灰-矿渣基地聚物混凝土，即GPC-10（矿渣掺量10%，80 °C高温养护）和GPC-50（矿渣掺量50%，标准养护）力学性能良好，为进一步研究其抗碳化性能, 首先，对这两种地聚物混凝土进行了快速碳化试验，并与作为对照组的普通水泥混凝土(OPCC)进行了比较，通过抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度评价了碳化对混凝土的损伤；其次，为分析损伤原因，分别通过X射线能谱分析（EDS）和压汞测试（MIP），对碳化后的成分和孔结构进行了研究；最后，建立了两种地聚物混凝土的碳化模型. 研究结果表明:相比OPCC，地聚物混凝土的抗碳化能力薄弱，尤其是钙含量较高的GPC-50，其主要产物C—A—S—H会与CO₂反应而发生分解，导致孔隙率增大，进而加快了碳化速率，且碳化深度与时间呈线性关系；OPCC、GPC-10以及GPC-50的28 d碳化深度分别达到了2.0、9.2、18.8 mm.      

粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土的耐久性研究新进展

地聚物是近10余年来国际上研究非常活跃的一种新型化学激发胶凝材料，可能成为大量取代水泥的绿色胶凝材料. 针对碱激发粉煤灰（AAFA）地聚物的耐久性问题，分别从抗碳化性能、抗冻融性能、抗氯离子渗透性能、抗酸和抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力及抗风化性能等方面对AAFA地聚物混凝土的国内外研究现状进行了系统的整理与分析. 结果表明:1） AAFA混凝土的抗碳化能力不如水泥混凝土（OPC）的，碳化后的地聚物的孔隙率增加，力学性能下降，热固化、添加Ca（OH）₂、OPC、矿渣粉和纳米TiO₂等可以改善AAFA混凝土的抗碳化性；2） AAFA混凝土的抗冻融性能较OPC的低，添加矿渣、偏高岭土等可以提高AAFA混凝土的抗冻融性能；3） AAFA混凝土的氯离子渗透率较高，掺入矿渣粉、降低液固比、高温固化及延长固化时间可以增强AAFA混凝土的抗渗透性；4） AAFA混凝土的抗硫酸、盐酸、硝酸、乙酸及硫酸盐的能力较强，吸水率较低；5） AAFA混凝土的抗风化能力较差. 延长热固化时间，掺入富铝添加剂、降低目标钠与铝的摩尔比、减少地聚物的含水量、添加纳米SiO₂和硅烷表面改性都可以增强AAFA混凝土的抗风化性能.      

钢渣细骨料混凝土单轴受压应力-应变关系试验研究

为研究钢渣细骨料在混凝土中的适用性及钢渣细骨料混凝土的轴压本构模型，进行了钢渣细骨料的物理化学性能试验，并对钢渣细骨料的稳定性进行测试分析；在此基础上，制备了6组不同钢渣细骨料掺量的钢渣混凝土立方体及棱柱体试件，研究了钢渣细骨料混凝土的单轴受压性能. 研究结果表明:本文选用钢渣的游离氧化钙含量、压蒸粉化率均满足相关规范要求，适用于混凝土细骨料；钢渣细骨料混凝土破坏的脆性特征更加明显，比普通混凝土的抗压强度有明显提高；钢渣混凝土棱柱体抗压强度与立方体抗压强度比值为0.80 ~ 0.86；可依据Carreira and Chu模型及Wee模型对钢渣混凝土本构关系进行分段描述，分段式本构模型与实测钢渣细骨料混凝土的应力-应变曲线基本吻合.      

Advance in Researches on Bond Behavior for Steel-Corroded Concrete Members

Introduction Concrete and reinforced concrete ( RC) havebecome the most widely used construction materials inthe world as they are easily acquired and lowerpriced. Normally, cover concrete acts as a physicalbarrier to the ingress of aggressive agents and …     

Direct electrochemical extraction of Ti5Si3 from Ti/Si-containing metal oxide compounds in molten CaCl2

Direct electrochemical extraction of Ti₅Si₃ from pressed cathode pellets comprising of powdered Ti/Sicontaining metal oxide compounds was investigated by using molten salt electro-deoxidation technology.Three groups of mixtures including TiO₂ mixed with SiO₂,Ti-bearing blast furnace slag（TBFS） mixed with TiO₂, and TBFS mixed with high-titanium slag（HTS） were prepared at the same stoichiometric ratio（Ti:Si=5:3） corresponding to the target composition of Ti₅Si₃,and used as the starting materials in this experiment,respectively. The pressed porous cylindrical pellet of the Ti/Si-containing compounds served as a cathode,and two different anode systems,i.e.,the inert solid oxide oxygen-ion-conducting membrane（SOM） based anode system and graphite-based anode system were used contrastively.The electrochemical experiment was carried out at 900-1050℃and 3.0-4.0 V in molten CaCl₂ electrolyte.The results show that the oxide components were electro-deoxidized effectively and Ti₅Si₃ could be directly extracted from these complex Ti/Si-containing metal oxide compounds.     

Recycling of aluminum from fibre metal laminates

Recycling of aluminum alloy scrap obtained from delaminated fibre metal laminates (FMLs) was studied through high temperature refining in the presence of a salt flux. The aluminum alloy scrap contains approximately mass fraction w(Cu) = 4.4%, w(Mg) = 1.1% and w(Mn) = 0.6% (2024 aluminum alloy). The main objective of this research is to obtain a high metal yield, while maintaining its original alloy compositions. The work focuses on the metal yield and quality of recycled Al alloy under different refining conditions. The NaCl-KCl salt system was selected as the major components of flux in the Al alloy recycling. Two different flux compositions were employed at NaCl to KCl mass ratios of 44:56 and 70:30 respectively, based on either the eutectic composition, or the European preference. Different additives were introduced into the NaCl-KCl system to study the effect of flux component on recycling result. Although burning and oxidation loss of the alloying elements during re-melting and refining take place as the drawbacks of conventional refining process, the problems can be solved to a large extent by using an appropriate salt flux. Experimental results indicate that Mg in the alloy gets lost when adding cryolite in the NaCl-KCl salt system, though the metal yield can reach as high as 98%. However, by adding w(MgF₂) = 5% into the NaCl-KCl salt system (instead of using cryolite) all alloying elements were well controlled to its original composition with a metal yield of almost 98%.     

纳米材料对道路水泥混凝土性能的影响

以SiO2和TiO2两种纳米材料为研究对象,通过设计纳米材料种类和掺合量对混凝土进行相关试验,研究纳米材料对混凝土的力学性能,混凝土抗冻性、抗渗透性和碳化等耐久性能的影响规律.试验结果表明：纳米SiO2和TiO2均可以显著提高混凝土性能,纳米TiO2提高效果最佳.单纯提高纳米材料的掺合量不能提高水泥混凝土强度与耐久性能,纳米混凝土的抗压、抗折强度和抗碳化性能均随着掺合比例的增加呈现先提升后下降的趋势,且纳米SiO2和TiO2的最佳添加量为混凝土胶凝材料的2％和1％,在此条件下混凝土强度最高,碳化深度最小.两种纳米材料掺合1％左右时混凝土的磨损质量最小,耐久性指数最大,渗透性最低.     

高炉矿渣混凝土的设计与应用

着重介绍了高炉矿渣混凝土的设计和应用过程,通过在沿海地区桥梁箱梁预制过程中的应用,使高炉矿渣混凝土(以C50为例)的优越性得以充分体现,为这一技术得到全面推广奠定基础。     

水泥混凝土配合比设计探讨

提出针对水泥混凝土路面耐久性的配合比,以建立高性能路面混凝土耐久性指标体系,对于解决目前混凝土耐久性方面存在的实际问题,减少水泥混凝土路面的早期破坏,改善水泥混凝土路面使用性能,提高其使用寿命,具有十分重要的意义.     

砼桥梁耐久性设计原则与构造措施探讨

大量的病害实例表明,除了材料的耐久性,影响砼桥梁耐久性的关键因素是结构构造和体系上的缺陷,而目前的砼结构耐久性研究却很少涉及这方面的内容.本文从桥梁的整体性、可修性、可检性、防水性能等角度探讨了如何在结构设计和构造细节方面采取合适的原则和措施,以便有效地保证桥梁的耐久性能.