可转向电动平车搬运技术开发与应用

重力式码头工程的预制构件一般重量较大,在批量大、规格多的情况下,选择何种搬运工艺,涉及场地布置、设备选用、施工操作人员的劳动强度、搬运效率和经济合理等一系列问题.采用2台轨道电动平车组合搬运3000~5000kN方块的工艺,为重力式码头的构件搬运开辟了新的途径,在港口水工建筑施工中具有广阔的应用前景.     

地理信息档案管理的探讨

随着现代科学信息技术迅猛发展和广泛应用,我国测绘业已基本实现由传统模拟测绘技术体系向数字化、信息化测绘技术体系的跨越.地理信息是一种以采集、贮存、管理、分析和描述整个或部分地球表面空间地理分布有关数据的空间信息,已广泛应用于交通、电力、水利、农林、国土资源、环境保护、金融、电信、地质、矿产、城市建设、教育、人口、海洋以及军事等几十个领域.     

德国劳氏船级社在中国

法国船级社(BV)收购德国劳氏船级社(GL)已落下帷幕,收购失败.BV首席执行官曾强调,GL如果与BV合并,两大船级社将在世界各大船级社等机构中占据领先地位,这一地位在亚洲显得至关重要,大量投资将流向亚洲尤其是中国,以满足快速发展的船舶业市场.但是,GL汉堡总部对提高地位这一说法并不信服,因为自1994以来,GL已经在中国取得了稳固的市场地位,现在中国有50多家船厂已经拿到了超过350艘集装箱船、多功能船、散货船、油轮和化学品船的订单,而客户们信赖GL的质量保证、快速批准计划和可靠的技术支持.     

跨越10000箱——南通中远川崎建成交付中国首艘万箱集装箱船纪实

2008年4月3日上午。南通中远川崎船舶舾装码头彩旗飘扬，人头攒动，锣鼓喧天。全国政协副主席李金华、政协常委高俊良，交通运输部副部长徐祖远，江苏省副省长张卫国，中远集团总裁魏家福、党组书记张富生等集团领导，日本川崎重工株式会社副社长寺崎正俊以及南通市有关领导．日本川崎重工、中远造船工业公司和业界代表一百余人共同见证了中国首制1万标箱集装箱船——中远大洋洲轮命名交付仪式。     

理念精神舆论——关于交通软实力建设的思考

党的十七大文件中第一次提到国家软实力问题。完成中华民族的伟大复兴，在于综合国力的全面提升，而综合国力既包括由经济、科技、军事实力等表现出来的“硬实力”，也包括以文化、意识形态吸引力体现出来的“软实力”。行业软实力是指一个行业以其自身的地位、作用和形象对社会产生的影响力、对公众产生的吸引力和对其他行业产生的仿效力。概括地讲，行业“软实力”包括三个要素，即理念先导力、精神感召力和舆论引导力，其中理念是先导，精神是动力，舆论是环境。     

真的"猛士"和真正的"大人物"

公元前200多年,中国历史上演了有名的一幕:楚汉之争. 当时的情况是楚强汉弱,汉王刘邦连连吃败仗.可是刘邦是块牛皮糖、是个不倒翁,败了就逃,逃了又兜个圈子转回来,再打.楚王项羽受不了,对刘邦说:"不如我们一对一单挑,决个雌雄罢,免得天下百姓再为你我二人白白受苦了!"(愿与王独身挑战,以决雌雄,毋徒令天下父子为也.)刘邦笑了笑,答道:"吾宁斗智,不愿斗力."结果,力能拔山、气可盖世的楚霸王项羽,就这样慢慢被刘邦"耗"死了--流氓出身的刘邦成了汉高祖.     

冰盖下两层流体水波与可渗透起伏海床的作用(英文)

The scattering problem involving water waves by small undulation on the porous ocean-bed in a two-layer fluid,is investigated within the framework of the two-dimensional linear water wave theory where the upper layer is covered by a thin uniform sheet of ice modeled as a thin elastic plate.In such a two-layer fluid there exist waves with two different modes,one with a lower wave number propagate along the ice-cover whilst those with a higher wave number propagate along the interface.An incident wave of a particular wave number gets reflected and transmitted over the bottom undulation into waves of both modes.Perturbation analysis in conjunction with the Fourier transform technique is used to derive the first-order corrections of reflection and transmission coefficients for both the modes due to incident waves of two different modes.One special type of bottom topography is considered as an example to evaluate the related coefficients in detail.These coefficients are depicted in graphical forms to demonstrate the transformation of wave energy between the two modes and also to illustrate the effects of the ice sheet and the porosity of the undulating bed.     

采用沿岸动力概念以减少埃及红海海域高速船燃料消耗与降低排放(英文)

The progress of economic globalization,the rapid growth of international trade,and the maritime transportation has played an increasingly significant role in the international supply chain.As a result,worldwide seaports have suffered from a central problem,which appears in the form of massive amounts of fuel consumed and exhaust gas fumes emitted from the ships while berthed.Many ports have taken the necessary precautions to overcome this problem,while others still suffer due to the presence of technical and financial constraints.In this paper,the barriers,interconnection standards,rules,regulations,power sources,and economic and environmental analysis related to ships,shore-side power were studied in efforts to find a solution to overcome his problem.As a case study,this paper investigates the practicability,costs and benefits of switching from onboard ship auxiliary engines to shore-side power connection for high-speed crafts called Alkahera while berthed at the port of Safaga,Egypt.The results provide the national electricity grid concept as the best economical selection with 49.03 percent of annual cost saving.Moreover,environmentally,it could achieve an annual reduction in exhaust gas emissions of CO2,CO,NOx,P.M,and SO2by 276,2.32,18.87,0.825 and 3.84 tons,respectively.     

厦门港叫板高雄港

近年来，受各种因素的影响，海峡东岸高雄港的国际集装箱中转港和世界大港地位受到挑战，尤其是来自西岸厦门港的威胁。本文从高雄和厦门两港的地理位置出发，对两港的港航条件、外部环境和吞吐量格局进行了比较分析。     

Bucket Group Effect of the Composite Multi-bucket Structure

As a novel type of foundation in beach and shallow sea,the bucket structure is especially suitable for complex conditionssuch as soft clay ground and the worse types of sea environments.In this paper, the bearing capacity of a multi-bucket structure isstudied by experiments with a single bucket and four-bucketfoundation in a saturated sand layer. Based on the experimentaldata and numerical analysis results, the bearing capacity behaviorand the bucket group effect are compared and analyzed.Furthermore, some influential factors, such as the soil type, theratio of length to diameter L/D, the ratio of the bucket spacing tothe bucket diameter S/D, and the bucket number are introduced andtheir effects on the multi-bucket structural capacity are investigatedThe vertical static capacity adjustment factor is introduced toevaluate the bucket group effects of the multi-bucket foundation.     

Spatial variability of the barotropic M2 constituent tidal current over the Rías Baixas Galician shelf (NW Spain)

Using current meters and systematically repeated vessel mounted ADCP data legs, we describe the role of the semidiurnal and diurnal constituents in the tidal currents and investigate the mesoscale variability of the M₂ tidal currents field along three cross-shelf legs over the Galician shelf. We found that the estimated values of the semi-major axes of the main semidiurnal tidal constituents are closely related to those obtained in previous research and that the tidal currents are predominantly semidiurnal. Amplitudes of the M₂ and S₂ semi-major axes constituents are comparable, and important fortnightly variability should thus be expected in the amplitude of the semidiurnal tidal currents. Vertical profiles of the semi-major axes of the main tidal constituents reveal that, in the absence of stratification, and far from the bottom frictional effects, the tidal currents are mostly barotropic. Over the slope, the tidal ellipses tilt from a north–south orientation toward the northeast–southwest direction and, as we go further into the shelf, their amplitude is increased, a feature that is reasonably explained by the transition from the dynamics of a Poincaré wave offshore to the dynamics of a northward alongshore propagating Kelvin wave over the shelf. The Ría de Vigo exerts a notable influence over the tidal currents, acting as an extension of the shelf and introducing a meridional variation in the orientation of the ellipses from the alongshore direction in the southern straight coast toward the northeast–southwest direction at the latitude of the Rías. Finally, the spatial fitting methods we tried have proved to be successful in VMADCP data detiding in this region.     

Numerical simulation of the barotropic tides in the Tunisian Shelf and the Strait of Sicily

We have investigated the barotropic tides in the Tunisian shelf and the Strait of Sicily using the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) with very high-resolution. Model performance was evaluated with respect to tide gauge, satellite data, and current meter measurements. The model fields faithfully reproduced the major feature of the barotropic tidal currents and agreed well with existing tidal elevation and phase observations. General features for the various semidiurnal constituents are nearly similar to each other with maximum amplitude in the Gulf of Gabes. The larger tidal currents occur over the continental shelves. In the Adventure Bank, the current is essentially of diurnal type whereas in the Gulf of Gabes it is of semidiurnal type.Tidal energy lost, which is primarily due to bottom stress dissipation, is predominantly in the Gulf of Gabes ( 61%), the Strait of Sicily, and the Strait of Messina. The forcing function for internal tides shows for both M₂ and K₁ constituents, significant spatial variability in the Strait of Sicily. This suggests that some internal tides will be generated in these regions and could thus explain the observed strong diurnal internal waves in the Adventure Bank.     

蓬莱海域的潮汐潮流特征分析

基于2007年10月的水文测验资料,分析了蓬莱海域沿岸东西两侧在不同潮波系统控制下的潮汐潮流变化特性.分析结果表明:蓬莱东岸属正规半日潮,蓬莱西岸属不正规半日混合潮,潮流的性质与潮汐不同,东、西两岸的潮流都为不正规半日混合潮流.潮波自北黄海经渤海口门以接近前进波的形态向渤海内传播.     

A numerical model of the long term flow along the Malin-Hebrides shelf

A three dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Malin-Hebrides shelf region is used to investigate the spatial variability of the wind and tidally induced residual flow in the region and the influence of flow from the Irish Sea and along the shelf edge. By this means it is possible to understand the spatial variability in the long term observed flow fields in the region and the range of driving forces producing this flow. The model uses a sigma coordinate grid in the vertical with a finer grid in the near surface and near bed shear layers. The vertical diffusion of momentum in the model is parameterised using an eddy viscosity coefficient which is derived from turbulence energy closure models. Two different turbulence models are used to compute the eddy viscosity, namely a two-equation (itq²−q²ℓ) model which has prognostic equations for both turbulence energy and mixing length and a simpler model in which the mixing length is a specified algebraic function of the water depth.The wind induced response to spatially and temporally constant orthogonal wind stresses, namely westerly and southerly winds of 1 N m⁻², are derived from the model. By using orthogonal winds and assuming linearity, then to first order the response to any wind direction can be derived. Computed flows show a uniform wind driven surface layer of magnitude about 3% of the wind speed and direction 15 ° to the right of the wind, in deep water. Currents at depth particularly in the shelf edge and near coastal region show significant spatial variability which is related to variations in bottom topography and the coastline.Calculations show that tidal residual flows are only significant in the near coastal regions where the tidal current is strong and exhibits spatial variability. Flow into the region from the Irish Sea through the North Channel although having its greatest influence in the near coastal region, does affect currents near the shelf edge region. Again the spatial variability of the flow is influenced by topographic effects.A detailed examination of wind induced current profiles together with turbulence, mixing length and viscosity, at a number of locations in the model from deep ocean to shallow near coastal, shows that both turbulence models yield comparable results, with the mixing length in the two equation model showing a similar dependence to that specified in the simpler turbulence model.Calculations clearly show that flow along the shelf edge area to the west of Ireland and from the Irish Sea entering the region, together with local wind forcing can have a major effect upon currents along the Malin-Hebrides shelf. The flow fields show significant spatial variability in the region, comparable to those deduced from long term tracer measurements. The spatial variability found in the calculations suggests that a very intense measurement programme together with inflow measurements into the area is required to understand the circulation in the region, and provide data sets suitable for a rigorous model validation.     

The structure of dissipation in the western Irish Sea front

We report on an intensive campaign in the summer of 2006 to observe turbulent energy dissipation in the vicinity of a tidal mixing front which separates well mixed and seasonally stratified regimes in the western Irish Sea. The rate of turbulent dissipation ε was observed on a section across the front by a combination of vertical profiles with the FLY dissipation profiler and horizontal profiles by shear sensors mounted on an AUV (Autosub). Mean flow conditions and stratification were obtained from a bed mounted ADCP and a vertical chain of thermistors on a mooring. During an Autosub mission of 60 h, the vehicle, moving at a speed of ~ 1.2 m s^− 1, completed 10 useable frontal crossings between end points which were allowed to move with the mean flow. The results were combined with parallel measurements of the vertical profile of ε which were made using FLY for periods of up to 13 h at positions along the Autosub track. The two data sets, which show a satisfactory degree of consistency, were combined to elucidate the space–time variation of dissipation in the frontal zone. Using harmonic analysis, the spatial structure of dissipation was separated from the strong time dependent signal at the M₄ tidal frequency to yield a picture of the cross-frontal distribution of energy dissipation. A complementary picture of the frontal velocity field was obtained from a moored ADCP and estimates of the mean velocity derived from the thermal wind using the observed density distribution. which indicated the presence of a strong (0.2 m s^− 1) jet-like flow in the high gradient region of the front. Under neap tidal conditions, mean dissipation varied across the section by 3 orders of magnitude exceeding 10^− 2 W m^− 3 near the seabed in the mixed regime and decreasing to 10^− 5 W m^− 3. in the strongly stratified interior regime. The spatial pattern of dissipation is consistent in general form with the predictions of models of tidal mixing and does not reflect any strong influence by the frontal jet.     

Late summer stratification, internal waves, and turbulence in the Yellow Sea

Microstructure profiling measurements at two locations in the Yellow Sea (a deeper central basin and a local shelf break) were analyzed focusing on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottom and in the pycnocline. A classical three-layer density structure consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers and a narrow sharp pycnocline is developed by the end of warm season. Turbulence in the surface layer was not influenced by the tidal forcing but by the diurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface. The enhanced dissipation and diffusivity generated by the shear stress at the seafloor was found in the water interior at heights 10–15 m above the bottom with a phase shift of ~ 5–6 m/h. No internal waves, turbulence, or mixing were detected in the pycnocline in the central basin, in contrast to the pycnocline near the local shelf break wherein internal waves of various frequencies were observed all the time. The thickness of the surface layer near the local shelf break slightly exceeded that of the bottom layer (20 vs. 18 m). A 5–6 m high vertical displacement of the pycnocline, which emerged during the low tide, was arguably caused by the passage of an internal soliton of elevation. During this episode, the gradient Richardson number decreased below 0.25 due to enhanced vertical shear, leading to local generation of turbulence with dissipation rates exceeding the background level by an order of magnitude.     

Turbulent mixing and internal tides in Gaoping (Kaoping) Submarine Canyon, Taiwan

Turbulent overturning on scales greater than 10 m is observed near the bottom and in mid-depth layers within the Gaoping (formerly spelled Kaoping) Submarine Canyon (KPSC) in southern Taiwan. Bursts of strong turbulence coexist with bursts of strong sediment concentrations in mid-depth layers. The turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate in some turbulence bursts exceeds 10^− 4 W kg^− 1, and the eddy diffusivity exceeds 10^− 1 m² s^− 1. Within the canyon, the depth averaged turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate is ~ 7 × 10^− 6 W kg^− 1, and the depth averaged eddy diffusivity is ~ 10^− 2 m² s^− 1. These are more than two orders of magnitude greater than typical values in the open ocean, and are much larger than those found in the Monterey Canyon where the strong turbulent mixing has also been. The interaction of tidal currents with the complex topography in Gaoping Submarine Canyon is presumably responsible for the observed turbulent overturning via shear instability and the breaking of internal tides and internal waves at critical frequencies. Strong 1st-mode internal tides exist in KPSC. The depth averaged internal tidal energy near the canyon mouth is ~ 0.17 m² s^− 2. The depth integrated internal tidal energy flux at the mouth of the canyon is ~ 14 kW m^− 1, propagating along the axis of the canyon toward the canyon head. The internal tidal energy flux in the canyon is 3–7 times greater than that found in Monterey Canyon, presumably due to the more than 10 times larger barotropic tide in the canyon. Simple energy budget calculations conclude that internal tides alone may provide energy sufficient to explain the turbulent mixing estimated within the canyon. Further experiments are needed in order to quantify the seasonal and geographical distributions of internal tides in Gaoping Submarine Canyon and their effects on the sediment flux in the canyon.     

杭州湾潮流能资源储量估算

采用二维数值模拟方法对杭州湾海域的潮流进行了模拟,得到了杭州湾海域潮流流速的分布特征。在此基础上对杭州湾海域的潮流能储量进行估算,得到杭州湾海域潮流能储量约3.59 GW。从数值模拟的结果可以看出,杭州湾口的金塘水道、龟山航门等通道内水深、流急,潮流能密度较大,是潮流能开发的理想海域,通过对这几个通道进行计算,预计可开发量约700 MW。     

温州状元岙化工码头工程潮流泥沙数模研究

采用水动力泥沙条件、底床冲淤演变分析及二维潮流泥沙数值模拟手段,对拟建的温州港状元岙港区化工码头工程方案进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)工程海区潮汐属于正规半日潮类型,为强潮海区;(2)工程海区潮流性质属于不规则半日浅海潮流,潮流运动呈往复流形式;(3)工程海域深槽多年来在波浪潮流作用下一直处于稳定状态;(4)规划的化工码头走向与涨落潮流走向基本一致;(5)规划的化工码头实施后工程附近海区的涨落潮流速呈增加趋势,码头前沿会略有冲刷;(6)化工码头建设对锚地流场没有影响;(7)化工码头工程方案是合理可行的。     

Is there any relationship between phytoplankton seasonal dynamics and the carbonate system?

Production of calcium carbonate by marine calcifying organisms has been shown to decrease under increasing CO₂. This effect appears to be driven by a decrease in [CO₃²⁻]. The modelling study here described aims at investigating whether the success of a marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi, may be tied to [CO₃²⁻]. The work highlights the complex interactions between the carbonate system variables and spring blooms, and the possibility of a link to the competition between calcifying vs. non-calcifying species on the Bering Sea shelf. We find that the strong seasonal cycle in [CO₃²⁻] is driven primarily by carbon drawdown during spring blooms. The interesting outcome of this work is the fact that E. huxleyi bloom timings always coincide with periods of high [CO₃²⁻], which is consistent with studies showing coccoliths malformations and a slowdown in calcification at low [CO₃²⁻]. Whether the condition of high [CO₃²⁻] can be considered a crucial ecological factor for the success of E. huxleyi, however, remains an open and important question needing further investigation.