Local scour at submarine pipelines

The rapid development of offshore oilfields has increased the number of submarine pipelines being constructed for the transport of crude oil to onshore refineries.Interactions between the pipeline and an erodible bed under the influence of current and waves often lead to local scouring around the structure.When this occurs, the pipeline may be suspended on the seabed resulting in the formation of a span.If the free span is long enough, the pipe may experience resonant flow-induced oscillations,leading to structural failure.This study examines the complex flow-structure-sediment interaction leading to the development of local scour holes around submarine pipelines.It reviews published literature in this area,which primarily is confined to the development of 2- dimensional scour holes.Despite the abundance of such research studies,pipeline-scour in the field essentially is 3-dimensional in nature.Hence,most of these studies have overlooked the importance of the transverse dimension of the scour hole,while emphasizing on its vertical dimension.This clearly is an issue that must be re-examined in light of the potential hazard and environmental disaster that one faces in the event of a pipeline failure.Recent studies have begun to recognize this shortcoming,and attempts have been made to overcome the deficiency.The study presents the state-of-the-art knowledge on local scour at submarine pipelines,both from a 2-dimensional as well as the 3-dimensional perspective.     

Prediction of Scour Depth around Offshore Pipelines in the South China Sea

Scour depth prediction of offshore pipelines is of great significance to the design and construction of the submarine pipeline projects. In this paper, based on the CFD software package FLUENT and User...     

Research on roll stabilization for ships at anchor

With the increasing importance of ocean exploitation, providing anti-rolling stability for ships at anchor has become more and more important. The lift-generation theory of traditional fin stabilizers is based on incoming flow velocity, which is not suitable for explaining lift generated at anchor. We analyzed non-steady flows, with forces on fin stabilizers generated by non-incoming flow velocity conditions, and gave a new lift-generation model. The correctness of the model was proven by comparing experimental results of fin stabilizer motion under non-incoming velocity conditions from the fluid computation software with that from the emulator of the lift-generation model. Finally, the model was used in an anti-rolling system on a ship and the reduction of roll was much better than what could be achieved by passive anti-rolling tanks.     

Numerical solutions for a two-dimensional airfoil undergoing unsteady motion

Continuous vorticity panels are used to model general unsteady inviscid, incompressible, and two-dimensional flows. The geometry of the airfoil is approximated by series of short straight segments having endpoints that lie on the actual surface. A piecewise linear, continuous distribution of vorticity over the airfoil surface is used to generate disturbance flow. The no-penetration condition is imposed at the midpoint of each segment and at discrete times. The wake is simulated by a system of point vortices, which move at local fluid velocity. At each time step, a new wake panel with uniform vorticity distribution is attached to the trailing edge, and the condition of constant circulation around the airfoil and wake is imposed. A new expression for Kutta condition is developed to study (i) the effect of thickness on the lift build-up of an impulsively started airfoil, (ii) the effects of reduced frequency and heave amplitude on the thrust production of flapping airfoils, and (iii) the vortex-airfoil interaction. This work presents some hydrodynamic results for tidalstream turbine.     

Multi-agent immune recognition of water mine model

It is necessary for mine countermeasure systems to recognise the model of a water mine before destroying because the destroying measures to be taken must be determined according to mine model. In this paper, an immune neural network （INN） along with water mine model recognition system based on multi-agent system is proposed. A modified clonal selection algorithm for constructing such an INN is presented based on clonal selection principle. The INN is a two-layer Boolean network whose number of outputs is adaptable according to the task and the affinity threshold. Adjusting the affinity threshold can easily control different recognition precision, and the affinity threshold also can control the capability of noise tolerance.     

基于INSGA-Ⅱ的等效水深截断系统优化设计(英文)

At present,equivalent water depth truncated mooring system optimization design is regarded as the priority of hybrid model testing for deep sea platforms,and will replace the full depth system test in the future.Compared with the full depth system,the working depth and span are smaller in the truncated one,and the other characteristics maintain more consistency as well.In this paper,an inner turret moored floating production storage & offloading system(FPSO) which works at a water depth of 320m,was selected to be a research example while the truncated water depth was 80m.Furthermore,an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm(INSGA-II) was selected to optimally calculate the equivalent water depth truncated system,considering the stress condition of the total mooring system in both the horizontal and vertical directions,as well as the static characteristic similarity of the representative single mooring line.The results of numerical calculations indicate that the mathematical model is feasible,and the optimization method is fast and effective.     

A method based on potential theory for calculating air cavity formation of an air cavity resistance reduction ship

This research is intended to provide academic reference and design guidance for further studies to determine the most effective means to reduce a ship’s resistance through an air-cavity. On the basis of potential theory and on the assumption of an ideal and irrotational fluid, this paper drives a method for calculating air cavity formation using slender ship theory then points out the parameters directly related to the formation of air cavities and their interrelationships. Simulations showed that the formation of an air cavity is affected by cavitation number, velocity, groove geometry and groove size. When the ship’s velocity and groove structure are given, the cavitation number must be within range to form a steady air cavity. The interface between air and water forms a wave shape and could be adjusted by an air injection system.     

A method based on potential theory for calculating air cavity formation of an air cavity resistance reduction ship

This research is intended to provide academic reference and design guidance for further studies to determine the most effective means to reduce a ship’s resistance through an air-cavity. On the basis of potential theory and on the assumption of an ideal and irrotational fluid, this paper drives a method for calculating air cavity formation using slender ship theory then points out the parameters directly related to the formation of air cavities and their interrelationships. Simulations showed that the formation of an air cavity is affected by cavitation number, velocity, groove geometry and groove size. When the ship’s velocity and groove structure are given, the cavitation number must be within range to form a steady air cavity. The interface between air and water forms a wave shape and could be adjusted by an air injection system.     

The solution of minimum reliability arbitrary curved beam index for modified weak point of under pure bending

This paper is based on the fundamental loading model of pure bending and the analytical model of a circular beam element with arbitrary initial deflection. The L.W. Guo solution is modified and generalized according to the elastic theory, and the analytical solution for the stress of the beam element with arbitrary initial deflection under pure bending is derived. Using yield theory of edge strength, an expression for the safety margin of one point in the arbitrary curved beam under pure bending （ACPB） is built. This paper modifies the model for weak points of service structures and establishes a foundation for safe design and inspection of imperfect structures. Also, according to the theory of the method of advanced first-order second-moment（AFOSM） , this paper derives an expression for the reliability index of one point in ACPB. Lastly, it modifies the solution for weak points by solving the minimal reliability index.     

Analytical study of magnetohydrodynamic propulsion stability

In this paper an analytical solution for the stability of the fully developed flow drive in a magneto-hydro-dynamic pump with pulsating transverse Eletro-magnetic fields is presented. To do this, a theoretical model of the flow is developed and the analytical results are obtained for both the cylindrical and Cartesian configurations that are proper to use in the propulsion of marine vessels. The governing parabolic momentum PDEs are transformed into an ordinary differential equation using approximate velocity distribution. The numerical results are obtained and asymptotic analyses are built to discover the mathematical behavior of the solutions. The maximum velocity in a magneto-hydro-dynamic pump versus time for various values of the Stuart number, electro-magnetic interaction number, Reynolds number, aspect ratio, as well as the magnetic and electrical angular frequency and the shift of the phase angle is presented. Results show that for a high Stuart number there is a frequency limit for stability of the fluid flow in a certain direction of the flow. This stability frequency is dependent on the geometric parameters of a channel.     

水下地形辅助导航中局部地形特征的快速提取方法（英文）

Terrain matching accuracy and real-time performance are affected by local underwater terrain features and structure of matching surface. To solve the extraction problem of local terrain features for underwater terrain-aided navigation(UTAN), real-time data model and selection method of beams are proposed. Then, an improved structure of terrain storage is constructed, and a fast interpolation strategy based on index is proposed, which can greatly improve the terrain interpolation–reconstruction speed.Finally, for the influences of tide, an elimination method of reference depth deviation is proposed, which can reduce the reference depth errors caused by tidal changes. As the simulation test shows, the proposed method can meet the requirements of real-time performance and effectiveness. Furthermore, the extraction time is considerably reduced, which makes the method suitable for the extraction of local terrain features for UTAN.     

基因表达编程技术的180度弯曲浸没导向板附近腐蚀范围确定研究（英文）

Submerged vanes are installed on rivers and channel beds to protect the outer bank bends from scouring. Also, local scouring occurs around the submerged vanes over time, and identifying the effective factors on the scouring phenomena around these submerged vanes is one of the important issues in river engineering. The most important aim of this study is investigation of scour pattern around submerged vanes located in 180° bend experimentally and numerically. Firstly, the effects of various parameters such as the Froude number(Fr), angle of submerged vanes to the flow(α), angle of submerged vane location in the bend(θ),distance between submerged vanes(d), height(H), and length(L) of the vanes on the dimensionless volume of the scour hole were experimentally studied. The submerged vanes were installed on a 180° bend whose central radius and channel width were 2.8 and 0.6 m, respectively. By reducing the Froude number, the scour hole volume decreased. For all Froude numbers, the biggest scour hole formed at θ = 15°. In all models, by increasing the Froude number, the scour hole volume significantly increases. In addition, by increasing the submerged vanes' length and height, the scour hole dimensions also grow. Secondly,using gene expression programming(GEP), a relationship for determining the scour hole volume around the submerged vanes was provided. For this model, the determination coefficients(R~2) for the training and test modes were computed as 0.91 and 0.9,respectively. In addition, this study performed partial derivative sensitivity analysis(PDSA). According to the results, the PDSA was calculated as positive for all input variables.     

Local path planning method of the self-propelled model based on reinforcement learning in complex conditions

Conducting hydrodynamic and physical motion simulation tests using a large-scale self-propelled model under actual wave conditions is an important means for researching environmental adaptability of ships. During the navigation test of the self-propelled model, the complex environment including various port facilities, navigation facilities, and the ships nearby must be considered carefully, because in this dense environment the impact of sea waves and winds on the model is particularly significant. In order to improve the security of the self-propelled model, this paper introduces the Q learning based on reinforcement learning combined with chaotic ideas for the model＇s collision avoidance, in order to improve the reliability of the local path planning. Simulation and sea test results show that this algorithm is a better solution for collision avoidance of the self navigation model under the interference of sea winds and waves with good adaptability.     

基于改进的Logvinovich法对带横摇运动非对称楔形体入水砰击力的计算(英文)

The water entry problem of an asymmetric wedge with roll motion was analyzed by the method of a modified Logvinovich model (MLM). The MLM is a kind of analytical model based on the Wagner method, which linearizes the free surface condition and body boundary condition. The difference is that the MLM applies a nonlinear Bernoulli equation to obtain pressure distribution, which has been proven to be helpful to enhance the accuracy of hydrodynamic loads. The Wagner condition in this paper was generalized to solve the problem of the water entry of a wedge body with rotational velocity. The comparison of wet width between the MLM and a fully nonlinear numerical approach was given, and they agree well with each other. The effect of angular velocity on the hydrodynamic loads of a wedge body was investigated.     

Numerical model for sedimentation in the access channel and harbor basin of Belawan Port

Belawan is the largest port serving North Sumatra for the import and export.Port has facilities for handling container,CPO liquid bulk cargo,Oil,and other agriculture products.Its location is at the river mouth which is subjected to the heavy sedimentation especially after many deforestation activities in its catchment area. The numerical modeling was developed for predicting the rate of sediment caused by erosion in the catchment area for several scenarios.This predicted rate of sediment was applied as input to model of sedimentation in the ocean.Present condition of sedimentation data was used as calibrated data.This integrated model was used to simulate the sedimentation in Belawan access channel and harbor basin for several development plans.     

机翼在接近地面的起飞模拟数学模型（英文）

Aircraft flying close to the ground benefit from enhanced efficiency owing to decreased induced drag and increased lift. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to simulate the takeoff of a wing near the ground using an Iterative Boundary Element Method(IBEM) and the finite difference scheme. Two stand-alone sub-codes and a mother code, which enables communication between the sub-codes, are developed to solve for the self-excitation of the Wing-In-Ground(WIG) effect. The aerodynamic force exerted on the wing is calculated by the first sub-code using the IBEM, and the vertical displacement of the wing is calculated by the second sub-code using the finite difference scheme. The mother code commands the two sub-codes and can solve for the aerodynamics of the wing and operating height within seconds. The developed code system is used to solve for the force, velocity, and displacement of an NACA6409 wing at a 4° Angle of Attack(AoA) which has various numerical and experimental studies in the literature. The effects of thickness and AoA are then investigated and conclusions were drawn with respect to generated results. The proposed model provides a practical method for understanding the flight dynamics and it is specifically beneficial at the pre-design stages of a WIG effect craft.     

考虑温度梯度的弹-塑性冰山材料模型及有限元模拟应用（英文）

To simulate the FPSO-iceberg collision process more accurately, an elastic-plastic iceberg material model considering temperature gradient effects is proposed and applied. The model behaves linearly elastic until it reaches the ‘Tsai-Wu' yield surfaces, which are a series of concentric elliptical curves of different sizes. Decreasing temperature results in a large yield surface. Failure criteria, based on the influence of accumulated plastic strain and hydrostatic pressure, are built into the model. Based on published experimental data on the relationship between depth and temperature in icebergs, three typical iceberg temperature profiles are proposed. According to these, ice elements located at different depths have different temperatures. The model is incorporated into LS-DYNA using a user-defined subroutine and applied to a simulation of FPSO collisions with different types of icebergs. Simulated area-pressure curves are compared with design codes to validate the iceberg model. The influence of iceberg shape and temperature on the collision process is analyzed. It is indicated that FPSO structural damage not only depends on the relative strength between the iceberg and the structure, but also depends on the local shape of the iceberg.     

Numerical modeling of exhaust smoke dispersion for a generic frigate and comparisons with experiments

The exhaust smoke dispersion for a generic frigate is investigated numerically through the numerical solution of the governing fluid flow, energy, species and turbulence equations. The main objective of this work is to obtain the effects of the yaw angle velocity ratio and buoyancy on the dispersion of the exhaust smoke The numerical method is based on the fully conserved control-volume representation of the fully elliptic Navier-Stokes equations. Turbulence is modeled using a two-equation （k-ε） model The flow visualization tests using a 1/100 scale model of the frigate in the wind tunnel were also carried out to determine the exhaust plume path and to validatc the computational results. The results show that down wash phenomena occurs for the yaw angles between ψ=10° and 20°. The results with different exhaust gas temperatures show that the buoyancy effect increases with the increasing of the exhaust gas temperature. However, its effect on the plume rise is less significant in comparison with its momentum. A good agreement between the predictions and experiment results is obtained.     

采用高阶边界元法的楔形体变速度入水数值模拟(英文)

A high order boundary element method was developed for the complex velocity potential problem. The method ensures not only the continuity of the potential at the nodes of each element but also the velocity. It can be applied to a variety of velocity potential problems. The present paper, however, focused on its application to the problem of water entry of a wedge with varying speed. The continuity of the velocity achieved herein is particularly important for this kind of nonlinear free surface flow problem, because when the time stepping method is used, the free surface is updated through the velocity obtained at each node and the accuracy of the velocity is therefore crucial. Calculation was made for a case when the distance S that the wedge has travelled and time t follow the relationship s=Dtα, where D and α are constants, which is found to lead to a self similar flow field when the effect due to gravity is ignored.