近场动力学在冰区船舶与海洋结构物中的应用进展与展望

近场动力学作为一种非局部理论,能够通过键的失效来自发模拟材料的失效、破坏,其在海洋工程领域已取得初步的研究成果,尤其是在冰区船舶与海洋工程领域,更显出了该方法的优越性。为了更好地了解近场动力学在冰区船舶和海洋工程中的应用,对近场动力学在冰区船舶与海洋工程应用中的问题进行梳理,主要包括冰材料本构模型、冰-结构作用模型、冰-水耦合方法、结构物力学模型、水下爆炸破冰应用及结构表面覆冰除冰的应用等。同时,在全面回顾已有研究成果的基础上,分析其特点和面临的挑战,探讨相应的解决思路和未来的研究方向。     

冰区航行船舶冰阻力数值研究进展

冰阻力是影响船舶在冰区航行性能的关键因素。当前主要的冰阻力研究方法有经验公式法、模型/实船试验法和数值模拟方法。数值模拟方式能够对船舶破冰的全过程进行快速模拟，且模拟成本低，参数易于控制 、结果较为准确，是一种比较适宜的冰阻力预报方法。随着计算技术的进步，各种数值模拟方法层出不穷，其中包括基于网格单元的有限元模型，基于无网格方法的离散元模型、SPH法、近场动力学模型等；近年来，网格模型与无网格模型的耦合方法也逐渐发展起来。文章简要梳理了冰区航行船舶冰阻力数值研究的进展，并基于研究现状提出尚需进一步解决的问题，意在为进一步提高冰阻力数值模拟精度提供参考。     

船-冰碰撞下冰材料有限元数值方法研究进展

浮冰碰撞下极地船舶结构响应研究是当今的热点话题.由于冰体是一种包含着固体冰、卤水、气体以及杂质等较为复杂的天然复合材料,其力学性质受盐分、杂质等成分含量,以及温度、应变率和形成年份等因素影响较大,开发准确有效的冰体材料本构模型以及有限元数值模拟方法是船-冰相互作用研究的关键难点问题.本文总结了几种常见的冰体有限元数值材料模型,如各向同性弹性失效材料模型、弹塑性材料模型、损伤材料模型以及可压碎泡沫型材料模型等;此外,选取了三种模型实验工况,开展了与实验场景相对应的不同冰材料模型下有限元数值模拟,对比分析了各自冰材料模型的特点以及应用局限;最后,总结了用于船-冰碰撞数值模拟的冰材料模型准确性和可行性评估方法,以便给今后所开发的冰材料数值模型提供验证手段.     

潜艇破冰上浮近场动力学模型

[目的]随着各国对北极地理和气候环境研究的深入,越来越深刻认识到潜艇在北极所能发挥的政治和军事价值。研究潜艇破冰上浮过程及冰载荷的动态特性,可为潜艇壳体的设计和破冰厚度的选择提供支撑。[方法]基于近场动力学方法建立潜艇破冰上浮过程计算模型。首先,详细介绍近场动力学方法用于捕捉物体断裂问题的理论基础,分析该方法用于海冰材料模拟的可行性。然后,为反映潜艇破冰上浮真实的物理过程,基于接触检测理论,建立海冰粒子与潜艇表面的接触区域识别算法,给出计算接触载荷方法。最后,将近场动力学方法与接触区域识别算法结合在一起,开发潜艇破冰上浮计算程序,以跟踪每一个时刻的破冰状态,计算海冰对潜艇壳体的作用力。并以美国DARPA潜艇模型SUBOFF为计算对象,开展潜艇破冰上浮过程数值模拟。[结果]计算结果表明:在用所提方法模拟的潜艇上浮破冰过程中,海冰的动态断裂过程与观察到的美国核潜艇的破冰上浮结果基本一致,冰载荷的动态变化与实际情况相符合。[结论]该方法能为潜艇与冰的相互作用研究提供思路,所得结果可为极地潜艇壳体结构的优化设计提供支撑。     

冲击波作用下气泡动态响应数值研究

采用边界元法模拟冲击波作用下气泡动态响应,应用Mixed-Eulerian-Lagrangian(MEL)法模拟气泡的演化。分别模拟规则冲击波和爆破冲击波与气泡的相互作用,三维数值模型计算结果与已有实验数据进行对比,结果表明,计算值与实验数据吻合良好,验证了计算模型的有效性。改变冲击波参数和气泡初始状态及特征参数,研究不同参数下气泡的动力学特性,得出规律性曲线。     

极地钻井船系泊冰阻力与运动响应数值模拟研究

论文建立了系泊状态下的极地钻井船与平整冰相互作用的二维数学模型,首先通过几何方法搜寻船体与冰体之间相互接触的所有区域来模拟平整冰在船体水线面处的破冰过程,再采用半经验的冰阻力计算公式模拟冰块的翻转和滑行过程。利用该数值模拟方法获得了Kulluk号极地钻井船的冰阻力、系泊力及运动响应的时间历程,并将数值模拟结果和钻井船冰区实测结果进行了对比。研究表明,数值模拟结果与实测结果总体而言吻合,论文的数值模拟方法能够较好地模拟系泊冰阻力随冰厚和冰速变化的规律,具有一定的工程应用价值。数值模拟与实船实测结果之间存在一定的差别,产生的主要原因是实测数据较少,数据统计时存在一定的不确定性。     

基于离散元方法的极地浮碎冰区船舶冰阻力

采用离散元方法建立浮/碎冰模型,结合欧拉多相流VOF方法数值模拟船舶与浮/碎冰之间的接触碰撞过程。重点对比分析船、冰作用过程中Hertz-Mindlin模型、Linear Spring模型和Walton Braun模型3种接触力计算模型对船-冰作用形式和冰阻力数值的影响。结果表明,在同一工况下,3种接触碰撞模型对船体周围碎冰运动模式变化的影响一致。对于船体所受冰阻力,通过分析船长方向和船宽方向的冰阻力数值,并将计算结果与采用Du Brovin经验公式计算得到的结果相对比,得出采用Linear Spring接触力计算模型计算得到的阻力幅值发散低,数值相对稳定,计算误差较小,为极地冰区船舶与浮碎冰相互作用的阻力计算提供参考。     

破冰船连续破冰的冰阻力预报

[目的]为了准确评估破冰船在平整冰区航行时连续破冰过程中所受的冰阻力,同时了解不同预报方法的特点,采用经验公式法、数值模拟法以及船模试验法,对破冰船在平整冰中连续航行时的冰阻力进行预报。[方法]使用非线性有限元软件DYNA,分别基于传统有限元与黏聚单元法构造冰层数值模拟模型,模拟平整冰与破冰船相互作用时发生的弯曲断裂以及相互作用的过程。同时,采用经验公式法,用3种不同的经验公式进行冰阻力计算,对影响经验公式法预报结果的参数进行敏感性分析。[结果]研究发现:冰阻力随航速、冰厚度以及弯曲强度的增大呈上升趋势,其中冰厚对冰阻力的影响最大。3种经验公式中,Lindqvist公式的预报结果与船模试验结果更为接近,而Vance和Lewis公式更为保守。传统有限元与黏聚单元法在冰厚较小的情况下,冰阻力预报结果更准确,冰厚较大时误差较大,约25%。在冰厚较小航速较高的情况下,黏聚单元法预报的冰阻力值较传统有限元方法更为准确,与船模试验结果相比精度误差在10%以内。[结论]在实际的冰阻力预报中,可结合经验公式法与数值模拟法,兼顾预报结果的准确性与高效性。     

冰荷载作用下钢带柔性管力学性能研究

钢带柔性管(MSFP)被认为是浅冰区油气运输领域的潜在替代品,但在安装和使用过程中,冰荷载成为影响MSFP完整性和安全性的重要因素.本文通过实验和数值方法研究了MSFP在冰荷载作用下的力学行为,使用ABAQUS软件创建合理的有限元模型,该模型考虑了几何和材料非线性以及不同层之间的滑动和摩擦相互作用.在相同条件下,进行有限元的实验验证,并将实验中获得的MSFP顶部拉力变化与数值模拟结果进行了比较,结果的良好一致性说明了有限元模型的准确性和可靠性.     

极地船连续破冰阻力数值模拟研究

连续破冰是自破冰型极地船舶中最常用的破冰模式,连续破冰阻力精确计算是极地船舶航行性能预报和船型优化设计的基础。论文提出一种基于预设冰网格技术的连续破冰阻力数值模拟方法,预先对船体水线附近的线型进行分层离散及对冰场进行方形网格离散,通过几何计算和受力分析数值模拟连续破冰进程及产生的破冰阻力分量。进一步考虑连续破冰阻力与运动耦合效应,在时域内建立船体6自由度运动微分方程,数值求解获得连续破冰阻力时间历程结果。利用该数值模拟方法计算获得了一艘PC3级极地油船连续破冰阻力时间历程结果,并将冰阻力有义值与对应的模型试验结果进行了对比。研究表明,数值模拟获得的连续破冰阻力时历结果能够反映连续破冰进程,数值模拟获得的冰阻力有义值与模型试验结果的误差在12%以内。论文的数值模拟方法能够高效、精确地模拟连续破冰进程及冰阻力,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

Numerical simulation of level ice impact on landing craft bow considering the transverse isotropy of Baltic Sea ice based on XFEM

Ice bending is a major failure mechanism of level ice when ships and marine structures interact with level ice. This paper aims to investigate the ice bending and ice load when level ice collides on ships and marine structures using numerical simulation method, and compare the numerical results with field test. The fracture of ice is simulated with extended finite element method (XFEM), and cohesive zone concept is used to describe the crack propagation. In order to consider the characteristics of S2 columnar ice, a transversely isotropic elastic material model is used for the ice bulk elements, and a transversely isotropic Tsai-Wu failure criterion is adopted to predict the initiation of cracks. A well-controlled field test of a landing craft bow colliding with level ice in Baltic Sea is simulated to verify the numerical scheme. The ice plate's continuous deformation, crack initiation and crack propagation at different impact velocities and angles are simulated and the results are discussed. In the simulation, the bending crack emerges at the midline of the top surface of ice plate, then propagates towards free boundary, and finally a circumferential crack forms. It is found that with the impact velocity increases, the bending load increases and the fracture size (perpendicular distance from the crack to the contact edge) decreases. And as the angle between the landing craft bow and vertical direction increases, the bending load and the fracture size decrease. The simulated results corresponds well with the field test. The competition between the circumferential crack and radial crack is also found in the simulation and will be discussed in this paper. The results show that this method well simulates the bending of level ice and predict the ice load, and provides a good approach for investigating the mechanism of different forms of level ice fracture.     

Repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice

This study investigates the repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice. Ice-tank test campaigns normally do not perform multiple repetitions of tests with the same initial conditions. Therefore, the repeatability of ice-tank tests with broken ice is not well understood. Data from two test campaigns are analysed. The first test campaign studied the interaction between a 4-legged structure with a vertical waterline and several broken and intact level ice conditions. In the second test campaign, a ship hull geometry was tested. We analyse selected test cases from each test campaign. The ice-tank tests are reproduced using a 3-D discrete element method (DEM) model. Each analysed test case is simulated 20 times. The only difference between each simulation is the initial position of the ice floes. The numerical simulation results show that changes in the initial floe positions can cause large changes in the statistical properties of the ice load. Often, a single random interaction event can be identified that is responsible for the change in the results. Such interaction events can cause additional floe accumulation ahead of the structure, thereby influencing the load statistics for a large portion of the interaction length. The observed events occur both in the numerical simulations and in the physical ice-tank tests. This result indicates that ice-tank tests with broken ice have a poor repeatability; a change in an uncontrolled condition, such as the exact initial floe positions, can lead to a large variation in the experimental results.     

A comparative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction method and the constant added mass method for ice-structure collisions

The constant added mass (CAM) method and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method are widely used to simulate ship-ship and ship-ice collisions. In the CAM method, the hydrodynamic effect of the surrounding water is treated as a constant added mass, whereas in the FSI method the surrounding fluid flow is explicitly modelled. The objective of the paper is to compare the two methods and to explain the causes of the differences in the results. We considered collision between a freshwater ice mass and a floating steel structure. For both methods, the numerical simulations were performed with the LS-DYNA software. The behaviour of the ice mass was modelled using an elliptic yield criterion and a strain-based pressure-dependent failure criterion. To ensure realistic ice behaviour, the ice model was calibrated using general trends found in laboratory and in-situ indentation tests with focus on the laboratory-grown ice and the fluid model in the LS-DYNA was verified by comparing the added mass coefficients for a spherical body and a rectangular block with the corresponding WADAM results. To validate and benchmark the numerical simulations, experimental data on ice-structure interactions in water were used, including the acceleration of the floater wall measured with the dynamic motion unit (DMU), the relative velocity between the ice mass and the floater before the impact and some images extracted from video recording of the test. The comparisons indicated that the FSI method yields better results for the motion of the floater, i.e., the acceleration of the floater wall caused by the ice mass’s impact and the relative velocity were in reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements. It was also found that the CAM method was faster but predicted a higher peak contact force and more dissipated energy in the ice mass than in the FSI method.     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

锥体海洋平台结构冰荷载的离散单元分析

在冰区油气开发中,锥体结构可以有效降低冰力,避免强烈的冰激振动,是目前渤海油气平台的主要结构形式。为研究海冰与锥体结构的相互作用过程,文章建立了适用于模拟海冰破碎特性的离散单元模型。该模型将海冰离散为若干个具有粘接-破碎功能的颗粒单元,并通过海冰弯曲试验确定了单元间的粘接强度;然后对海冰与锥体结构的作用过程进行了数值计算,获得了相应的动冰荷载及冰振响应;在此基础上讨论了不同锥角影响下冰荷载及结构振动响应的变化规律。结果表明,水平方向冰荷载及结构冰振响应随锥角的增加明显增加,而竖直方向冰荷载则显著降低。该离散单元模型还可进一步应用于不同类型抗冰结构的冰荷载分析,有助于解决冰区结构物的抗冰结构设计和冰致疲劳分析。     

不同敏感性参数下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应

基于我国第七次北极科学考察获得的夏季北极海冰空间分布情况,模拟真实碎冰分布,采用LS-DYNA软件中的流固耦合方法,研究在船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度等因素影响下船舶-碎冰碰撞的船体结构响应。结合试验数据得到船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力。结果表明：船舶-碎冰的主要碰撞区域为艏部及舷侧的水线附近;在船舶航行于碎冰域时,船体结构的应力、吸能和碰撞力的峰值随碎冰域的船舶航速、碎冰尺度、碎冰厚度及碎冰密集度的增加而增加,但分布情况不同。研究结果为船舶在极地冰区航行提供一定的安全性参考。     

A tri-axial ice model for simulating ice-stiffened panel impact: Experiments and numerical modeling

The interaction of ice with a polar ship is complex, which may involve several ice failure mechanisms such as local crushing, tensile, cracking, bending, shearing, sliding and the ship structures could attain permanent deformations. A reasonable modeling of ice behavior is, therefore, critical to the analysis of ship-ice interactions. This paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the behavior of stiffened panels subject to the impact of a wedge-shaped ice block/indenter. The tested stiffened panel was mounted to a Falling Weight Impact Tester, and measurements were taken to help understand the dynamic responses of the structure and the ice, and also the permanent deformations. Finite element analyses using ABAQUS/EXPLICIT were also performed for the lab tests. The proposed ice model features a multi-surface yield function, empirical failure criteria for a few ice failure modes, and a representation of the remaining load carrying capacity of crushed ice. This ice model is implemented in a user-defined subroutine VUMAT and uses the cohesive element in a numerical solution. The predicted and measured impact force and structural deformation compared very well with the tests, indicating that the proposed ice model coded in VUMAT is reasonable. A series of parametric studies was then carried out to identify the key parameters of this new ice model that would have major effects on the prediction of ice impacts. The paper intends to provide test data that may be useful in understanding the complex ice-ship interaction and to introduce a numerical solution with a new ice model that improves the simulation of high-energy ice-ship impacts.     

On maximum forces exerted by floating ice on a structure due to constrained thermal expansion of ice

The problem of interaction between a floating ice cover and an engineering structure is considered, in which the ice–structure contact forces are caused by an increase in ice temperature due to solar radiation in situations, when the lateral thermal expansion of ice is constrained. The focus is on the determination of the maximum thermally-induced horizontal force exerted on a structure wall, assuming that the magnitude of this force is bound by the smallest force capable of fracturing the ice cover due to its buckling. The ice cover is modelled as a rectangular plate of uniform thickness, with its four edges being constrained by vertical rigid walls, and it is assumed that ice deforms, and eventually fails, by the mechanism of viscous creep buckling. The plate is subjected to in-plane axial compressive stresses developing in ice to prevent its thermal expansion due to solar heating, and is transversely (vertically) bent by the forces caused by the reaction of underlying water. The floating ice is treated as a material whose elastic and viscous properties depend on temperature and the ice porosity, and therefore they vary with time and the depth of ice. The results of numerical simulations, conducted for a variety of the ice plate horizontal dimensions, thicknesses and daytime temperature-change scenarios, illustrate the evolution of the plate deflection surface prior to its failure, and show the time variation of the maximum forces exerted by ice on a structure wall as functions of the ice thickness and maximum daytime temperature rise at the top surface of ice.     

粘性对方尾船波浪力的影响分析

航行船舶绕射问题的准确求解是预报船舶波浪中运动的基础.文章分别采用基于三维移动脉动源的边界元法和基于RANS方程的CFD方法求解了规则波中航行的方尾船模型的波浪力,并通过与试验结果比较验证了方法的可靠性.CFD计算时通过从波浪力中分离出粘性力,研究了粘性对方尾船波浪力的影响.结果表明,基于RANS方程的波浪力计算结果与试验结果和势流理论结果吻合良好,在长波中与试验值更接近.粘性对船模斜浪航行时的横摇力矩有较大影响.     

冰区海上风电基础的抗冰性能分析

海上风电基础属于典型的柔性结构。由于冰与柔性抗冰结构相互作用的复杂性,长期以来尚未形成基于动冰力响应分析的结构设计。结构抗冰设计中大都是从极端荷载出发,只考虑最大静冰力或最大倾覆力矩。基于对渤海辽东湾柔性抗冰结构的多年监测,发现强烈的冰激振动引起柔性结构的风险性要远大于极端静冰荷载下结构的整体安全问题。为了明确冰区风电基础结构的抗冰性能及抗冰设计的合理性,文章结合基于多年现场冰与结构作用观测及冰荷载的研究成果,明确该类柔性结构与海冰作用形式及其动力特性;提出了柔性抗冰结构设计中应考虑的主要失效模式及评价方法。最后,以渤海某典型风电基础为例,对其抗冰性能进行评价。该文的研究可为寒区风电基础的抗冰设计及安全保障提供合理依据。