回转体空泡绕流现象的数值模拟

利用FLUENT 6.0流体动力学计算软件对轴对称回转体的自然空化现象进行了数值模拟,得到了不同头型和不同空化数下的回转体周围空泡绕流流场和体积分数分布.计算结果与其他研究人员的计算与试验结果比较吻合,说明利用FLUENT 6.0软件可以较好地模拟空泡绕流现象,能够正确反映空泡外形随空化数变化的规律,并且能够较准确地捕捉到空泡尾端回射流现象.     

水下航行器局部空泡流场的空泡尾流模型初探

基于二维翼型局部空泡绕流场的空泡尾流模型,提出了几种可用于轴对称回转体局部空泡流场计算的空泡尾流模型,并对这些模型进行了探索性的理沦分析,给出了应用其中的压力恢复闭合模型求解回转体局部空泡绕流场的算例,通过比较发现与实测值的一致性较好,说明本文提出的空泡尾流模型适合于求解轴对称回转体线型的局部空泡流场。     

螺旋桨梢涡及梢涡空泡数值模拟

以PPTC(Potsdam Propeller Test Case)桨为研究对象,探索了螺旋桨梢涡及梢涡空泡的数值模拟方法。通过梢涡区域的划分及网格加密,对螺旋桨无空化流场进行了数值模拟,成功捕获了梢涡;然后基于均质混合流模型和Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型对空化流场进行了数值模拟;并将计算结果与试验数据进行了广泛的比较和分析,以校验计算网格和计算方法。研究表明:无论片空泡还是梢涡空泡的计算结果均与试验观测吻合良好;同时,所得螺旋桨推力和扭矩系数也与试验值符合良好;有效地实现了梢涡捕捉及梢涡空泡模拟。同时指出,水中含气率对推力和扭矩系数的影响大于空泡形态。     

回转体空化研究现状及展望

针对水下高速运动回转体周围必然产生空化现象的问题,阐述了空化现象的主要负面影响,详细介绍了回转体空化实验装置、回转体水下空泡流和出入水研究进展及成果,简要分析了回转体空化研究的发展趋势。     

FBM湍流模型在非定常通气超空化流动计算中的评价与应用

为了建立通气超空化流动计算的流动模型,应用二次开发技术将FBM湍流模型嵌入商业软件,分别采用FBM湍流模型以及商业软件中的标准k-ε湍流模型模拟了绕圆盘空化器的通气空化流场,并从空泡形态、流动结构和阻力特性等方面与试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,标准k-ε湍流模型过高预测了流场的湍流粘性,预测的空泡形态和实验观测结果有较大的差距;采用滤波器湍流模型计算,可以明显地减小通气空泡尾端流场的湍流黏性,精确地捕捉通气空化区域空泡脱落的非定常细节,更加准确地描述通气空化的过程,与试验结果更加接近。     

自然空化流动数值模拟中参数取值影响的研究

探索了应用商业软件Fluent6.2进行自然空化计算的方法.通过设定不同气核质量分数对半球头回转体的自然局部空化作了模拟,研究了气核对自然空化计算结果的影响.通过设定边界湍流参数计算了平头回转体的自然超空泡,研究了湍流参数设定对自然空化计算结果的影响.通过对圆盘空化器的超空泡计算,得出结论:气核含量主要影响超空泡尾部形态,湍流参数主要影响空泡尺度.多个算例的计算结果与相应的实验结果以及经验公式计算结果进行了比较,符合良好.     

Level set方法在空化流动计算中的应用

文章将Level set方法应用于自然空化与通气空化流动计算中,通过耦合入相间的质量传输方程,建立了一个用于描述气、汽、液多相空化流动的数值模拟方法,分别对绕圆头回转体和Clark-Y型水翼的自然空化流动和绕圆盘的通气空化流动进行了数值模拟研究,并与实验结果进行了对比,研究结果表明:相较常用的多相流模型(mixture model),Lev-el set方法通过时间和空间上的压缩离散方案,减小了相间界面的扩散,准确地捕捉到了相间的界面,可以有效地运用于空化多相流动。     

超空泡回转体减阻特性研究

基于Fluent 6.0的气泡两相流模型对超空泡回转体的减阻特性进行了数值研究.内容包括:外形对阻力及超空泡形状的影响;超空泡控制;阻力系数随空泡数的变化规律;长细比对减阻率的影响.超空泡减阻机理的研究表明:超空泡不仅可以减小回转体的摩擦阻力,还可以减小回转体的压差阻力.在外形、长细比和空泡数以及工程可实现性等诸多因素中,存在着一个最佳组合,使减阻率最高.     

粘性流中二维水翼局部空泡流的数值模拟

基于粘流理论研究了二维水翼的局部空化。数值计算从完整的N-S方程出发,采用k-ε两方程湍流模型封闭Reynolds方程,作为基本控制方程,空泡流采用Rayleigh plessetmodel模型,计算了0°攻角时,不同航速对水翼局部空泡流的影响,同时也分析了水翼的绕流场,并把计算结果与已发表的试验结论做了比较。结果表明,本文的计算方法具有较好的计算精度。     

液氮绕水翼低温空化流数值模拟(英文)

为研究低温空化流场特性,考虑液氮的热力学参数和空化时两相间的能量交换,利用数值模拟方法对液氮绕水翼低温空化特性进行了分析。基于均质多相流模型,采用Zwart空化模型对液氮绕水翼低温空化流进行稳态计算,修正了Zwart空化模型中蒸发和冷凝系数,给出了水翼表面压力、温度及空化强度的分布。数值结果同采用Schneer-Sauer空化模型计算的结果进行了比较。水翼表面压力和温度的数值结果与Hord实验数据吻合较好,验证了数值模拟的有效性。     

二维水翼型空化流的数值计算(英文)

In order to predict the effects of cavitation on a hydrofoil, the state equations of the cavitation model were combined with a linear viscous turbulent method for mixed fluids in the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT to simulate steady cavitating flow. At a fixed attack angle, pressure distributions and volume fractions of vapor at different cavitation numbers were simulated, and the results on foil sections agreed well with experimental data. In addition, at the various cavitation numbers, the vapor fractions at different attack angles were also predicted. The vapor region moved towards the front of the airfoil and the length of the cavity grew with increased attack angle. The results show that this method of applying FLUENT to simulate cavitation is reliable.     

水中超高速射弹可压缩空泡流研究进展

综述了国内外水中超高速可压缩空泡流理论、数值和试验研究的进展。分析了基于势流理论的水中亚音速、跨音速及超音速空泡流的空泡形状及空化阻力计算方法。详述了水中超高速的水、蒸汽、空气多相混合可压缩流数值计算方法及需要解决的关键问题。介绍了水中亚音速、跨音速及超音速试验的研究方法、研究成果及研究趋势。     

Protective effect of polymer coating on the circular steel plate response to near-field underwater explosions

To understand the intrinsic strong interaction between the soft coating and near-field underwater explosion, a series of comparative live fire tests are implemented. Nine steel circular plates with three configurations (i.e. rubber coated plate, foam coated plate and bare plate) are tested using 1.5 g PETN detonator. The stand-off between the plate center and explosive charge is ranged from 3.41 to 1.14 times of the maximum bubble radius. The transient strain history of the plate and acceleration history of the metal base fixture are monitored. The whole explosion process including local cavitation and bubble motion is recorded by an APX-RS high speed camera. Test results show that the compressibility of coating layer is the dominative factor that controls its protective performance in the shock wave loading phase. The more compressible foam coating distinctly reduce the shock wave intensity by local cavitation before enters the densification phase, while the explosion bubble shape and even the direction of water jet can also be changed. But the attenuation performance in the bubble loading phase is not as optimistic as that in the shock wave phase because more deformation space is required while the core has often entered the densification phase.     

Ships Bottom Cavities as Shock Absorbers in Waves

Bottom ventilated cavitation is the successfully proven ship drag reduction technology, but the impact of sea waves on ships with bottom cavities is the substantial concern for a broad technology implementation. The influence of waves on vertical force experienced by such ships is analyzed in this paper using a perturbation technique. The unperturbed cavity shape at given Froude number and cavity length was found from a nonlinear steady ideal fluid problem. The ship response to an impact of a wave of the given length and amplitude is considered as the one-frequency perturbation. This perturbation was found by combined consideration of compressible flow in the cavity and incompressible flow in the surrounding water. Computational examples relate to an earlier tested model with the bottom cavity restricted by skegs. The vertical forces on the model with bottom cavities and in cavitation-free conditions were compared in head and following seas. It was found that within the major part of the consider range of wavelengths the cavity acts as a shock absorber significantly reducing the vertical force pulsation and ship acceleration in waves.     

波浪中船底空泡对振动吸收的研究（英文）

Bottom ventilated cavitation is the successfully proven ship drag reduction technology, but the impact of sea waves on ships with bottom cavities is the substantial concern for a broad technology implementation. The influence of waves on vertical force experienced by such ships is analyzed in this paper using a perturbation technique. The unperturbed cavity shape at given Froude number and cavity length was found from a nonlinear steady ideal fluid problem. The ship response to an impact of a wave of the given length and amplitude is considered as the one-frequency perturbation. This perturbation was found by combined consideration of compressible flow in the cavity and incompressible flow in the surrounding water. Computational examples relate to an earlier tested model with the bottom cavity restricted by skegs. The vertical forces on the model with bottom cavities and in cavitation-free conditions were compared in head and following seas. It was found that within the major part of the consider range of wavelengths the cavity acts as a shock absorber significantly reducing the vertical force pulsation and ship acceleration in waves.     

Numerical analysis of cavitating propeller and pressure fluctuation on ship stern using a simple surface panel method “SQCM”

This paper presents a calculation method for the pressure fluctuation induced by a cavitating propeller. This method consists of two steps: the first step is the calculation of propeller sheet cavitation, and the second step is the calculation of pressure fluctuation on the ship stern. It is for practicality that we divide the method into two steps but do not calculate these steps simultaneously. This method is based on a simple surface panel method “SQCM” which satisfies the Kutta condition easily. The SQCM consists of Hess and Smith type source panels on the propeller or cavity surface and discrete vortices on the camber surface according to Lan’s QCM (quasi-continuous vortex lattice method). In the first step, the cavity shape is solved by the boundary condition based on the free streamline theory. In order to get the accurate cavity shape near the tip of the propeller blade, the cross flow component is taken into consideration on the boundary condition. In the second step, we calculate the cavitating propeller and the hull surface flow simultaneously so as to calculate the pressure fluctuation including the interaction between the propeller and the hull. At that time, the cavity shape is changed at each time step using the calculated cavity shape gotten by the first step. Qualitative agreements are obtained between the calculated results and the experimental data regarding cavity shape, cavity volume and low order frequency components of the pressure fluctuation induced by the cavitating propeller.     

Study on the design of propeller blade sections using the optimization algorithm

A new method for designing propeller blade sections is presented. A vortex lattice method is used to evaluate the performance and the time-dependent pressure distribution on the blade surface in a non-uniform flow, while efficient optimization algorithms are used to modify the blade sections. Two different designs were carried out in this study. The first was a design to realize a target pressure distribution in a rotating three-dimensional flow. A two-dimensional wing theory was used to obtain the target pressure distribution. The predicted increase in efficiency and the reduction in the cavity volume were confirmed by model experiments. The second was a design to maximize the propeller efficiency. By this method, the propeller efficiency was improved by 1.2% under the constrains of constant thrust and a prescribed margin for face cavitation.     

螺旋桨设计参数对桨叶片空泡性能的影响分析

文章基于扰动速度势面元法建立了在均流条件下螺旋桨桨叶片空泡数值预报方法,空泡模型采用压力恢复闭合模型。通过对5600TEU集装箱船螺旋桨空泡的数值预报,以及与试验结果的比较,验证了该方法的可行性。该方法能够较为快速准确地预报螺旋桨桨叶片空泡,可用于分析参数对螺旋桨空泡性能的影响,为抑制螺旋桨空化设计提供基础。在此基础上重点分析了桨叶侧斜、纵倾以及桨叶剖面型式对螺旋桨空泡性能的影响,计算表明加大侧斜能够减少空泡面积,空泡向外半径偏移;桨叶剖面的设计对空泡性能影响较大,优化设计桨叶剖面可以有效减少空泡面积,提高螺旋桨抗空化能力;纵倾向压力面弯曲的分布形式可以改善梢部的压力分布,减少叶梢附近空泡长度,从而可望减少由空泡引起的脉动压力。     

大攻角水下航行体自然空泡流的数值模拟研究

基于相分数输运方程型的均质平衡流空化模型,采用有限体积法研制了大型空泡流计算程序,对大攻角下运行的水下航行体三维空泡流进行了数值模拟,并与实验结果进行了对比.首次将非线性涡粘湍流模式与基于Rayleigh-Pies-set方程的TEM型空化模型相结合,建立了自然空泡流的数学模型.采用基于SIMPLE的压力-速度-密度耦合修正算法、二阶精度三时间层格式以及基于延迟修正的高阶对流TVD格式.计算模拟了0.2～0.6空化数、4°～20°攻角的不同工况,得到的三维空泡形状及压力分布与实验结果相符.研究了大攻角下航行体周向上的空泡形态分布特征,给出了多种空泡尺度和升阻系数与空化数和攻角之间的关系.通过定量分析发现,空泡的不对称性导致航行体某些部位受力集中,表明高速带空泡运动的航行体在大攻角运动中其结构将受到巨大的水动力载荷.计算还发现,大攻角下的阻力系数与空化数之间的关系和零攻角条件下刚好相反,并根据空泡的不对称性从形状阻力与粘性阻力的关系上对这种现象作出了解释.     

水下爆炸空化效应作用下全船响应的并行计算(英文)

As well as shock wave and bubble pulse loading, cavitation also has very significant influences on the dynamic response of surface ships and other near-surface marine structures to underwater explosive loadings. In this paper, the acoustic-structure coupling method embedded in ABAQUS is adopted to do numerical analysis of underwater explosion considering cavitation. Both the shape of bulk cavitation region and local cavitation region are obtained, and they are in good agreement with analytical results. The duration of reloading is several times longer than that of a shock wave. In the end, both the single computation and parallel computation of the cavitation effect on the dynamic responses of a full-scale ship are presented, which proved that reloading caused by cavitation is non-ignorable. All these results are helpful in understanding underwater explosion cavitation effects.