柴油机SCR系统尿素沉积物与喷雾特性的研究进展

1 前言 柴油机具有高的热效率、低的油耗和CO2排放,在车用动力中占有的比例逐年上升.与此同时,颗粒物（PM）和氮氧化物（NOx）成为柴油机排放物中的主要有害物质.针对重型柴油车国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ排放法规,从机内降低PM排放、而从机外转化NOx排放是一种符合中国国情、具有可持续发展的技术路线.选择催化还原（SCR）技术是目前降低柴油机NOx排放最有效的后处理技术之一,采用SCR技术可以使发动机在满足严格排放法规的同时,仍具有较高的动力性和经济性.在目前研究开发中的柴油机NOx后处理方法中,以尿素水溶液为还原剂的选择性催化还原技术（Urea-SCR）最为成熟,它能在柴油机排气富O2且流量、温度和组分多变的反应环境下有效降低NOx排放.     

提高国Ⅲ柴油机排放水平的试验研究

通过安装EGR和DOC+POC耦合式后处理装置,对一款国Ⅲ高压共轨柴油机进行了改造和排放升级试验.通过调节EGR和供油参数,对改造后发动机的ESC十三工况点分别进行了排放优化,并按照优化结果进行了ESC试验验证,试验结果表明该发动机通过改造和优化,ESC排放水平能满足国Ⅳ限值.同时对EGR和供油参数的调节以及后处理装置...     

商用车增压式高压共轨喷射系统解析

越来越规范的废气排放法规迫使柴油机制造商不断采取各种机内净化措施和废气后处理方法来降低柴油机的排放,各种废气后处理装置应运而生.但是,柴油机的低排放与经济性是相互矛盾的,以往不断加严的排放限值已导致燃油消耗的不断增加,而即使在采用机外净化措施的情况下,原始排放的高低对确定废气后处理部件的尺寸起着决定性的作用,直接影响到购置费用和运行成本,因此为了降低制造成本和运行费用,必须进一步采用机内净化措施来降低柴油机的原始排放和燃油消耗,而其中燃油喷射系统起着至关重要的作用.     

3L柴油机冷起动技术评价

日益严格的排放法规要求现代柴油机后处理系统在起动后不久就必须变热并开始控制排放。介绍了几种新的专注于降低后处理激活温度的技术,但柴油机系统仍然需要向排气提供热能以便进行冷起动。研究评价了几种发动机技术,注重改善发动机系统向后处理系统提供热能,同时尽可能减小对燃油经济性和排放产生影响。研究在1台配有定制双回路废气再循环系统的现代共轨3L柴油机上进行。根据速度/负荷工况采用各种燃烧策略对该发动机低氮氧化物排放进行了标定。在本评价过程中,显示出具有强大潜力的技术包括涡轮旁通系统、排气门提前开启、停缸技术和发动机延迟起动技术。这些技术的性能通过1个发动机测试单元进行了比较,该测试单元通过编程模拟了FTP-75试验循环的第一部分。     

满足国六排放法规的重型车用柴油机开发

介绍1款在现有无废气再循环(EGR)系统且满足国五排放法规的柴油机基础上进行升级,以满足国六排放法规的柴油机。达到国六排放法规的首选柴油机技术路线是采用EGR系统和具有高转换效率的集成式后处理系统。开发结果表明,采用EGR 系统可以显著降低柴油机氮氧化物(NOx)原始排放,但同时会增加颗粒物(PM)排放。采用高压喷射可以明显改善发动机PM排放,通过进气节流可明显提高柴油机小负荷时的排气温度,确保柴油机选择性催化还原(SCR)系统的高效运行,并有效降低NOx尾管排放。此外,采用柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)是目前降低柴油机PM尾管排放最有效的措施。     

柴油机排放处理技术方法研究

柴油机以其良好的性能广泛地应用于各种机械装置,尤其是作为车辆动力。与汽油机相比,柴油机的HC和CO排放量相当低,NO_X排放量相当,而微粒PM排放约为汽油机的30-80倍。因此可以看出,柴油机的有害排放物主要是PM及NO_X。针对柴油机污染物的处理办法中,后处理装置微粒捕集器和选择还原催化转化器可谓是领先其他技术,优势凸显,推广发展。     

电控柴油引燃天然气双燃料发动机的试验研究

对某款柴油机改装的柴油-天然气双燃料发动机进行多工况试验研究,对比分析该双燃料发动机在纯柴油和柴油-天然气双燃料模式下的动力性能、燃料经济性能及排放性能。试验结果表明,与纯柴油模式相比,双燃料模式时发动机的动力性能略有下降,燃料经济性大幅提升,NOx及PM排放有效降低,HC与CO排放显著增加。     

NH_3—SCR法降低柴油机NO_x排放的研究进展

分析了降低柴油机NOx排放的NH3—SCR选择性催化还原技术的化学反应机理,阐述了该后处理技术结合优化缸内燃烧在提高柴油机燃油经济性的同时大幅度降低NOx和PM排放等方面的优势,并详细介绍了国内外车用柴油机NH3—SCR技术的机理研究进展及应用研究情况。     

博世公司商用车新型增压式高压共轨喷射系统介绍

正不断完善的废气排放法规迫使柴油机制造商不断采取各种机内净化措施和废气后处理方法来降低柴油机的排放,各种废气后处理装置应运而生。但是,柴油机的低排放与经济性是相互矛盾的,以往不断加严的排放限值已导致燃油耗的不断增加,而即使在采用机外净化措施的情况下,原始排放的高低对确定废气后处理部件的尺寸起着决定性的作用,直接影响到购置费用和运行成本,因此为了降低原始排放和燃油耗,并降低制造成本和运行费     

一种新型DPF-SCR柴油机后处理技术

以柴油机尾气中NOx和碳烟颗粒(PM)两种主要污染物的后处理技术为重点研究对象,针对近年来正在应用及研究的柴油机的NOx和碳烟颗粒(PM)排放后处理控制技术,重点介绍了Nissan Diesel公司新近研制的一种新型的尿素选择性催化还原(SCR)柴油机微粒过滤系统的工作原理及特点,详细叙述了该系统通过改善催化剂材料、提...     

柴油机排气微粒中可溶有机组分的分析

采用超声洗脱法,分离出柴油机排气微粒(PM)中的可溶有机组分(SOF)。利用色谱—质谱联用技术对SOF的成分进行了分析。结果表明,SOF中最大的组分为烷烃,其次是芳香烃;烷烃中大部分为直链烷烃,芳香烃以萘族和菲族等多环芳香烃为主。给出了微粒SOF中烷烃和芳香烃等有机成分在不同工况下所占有的比例,以及芳香烃中主要有机组分的百分含量。     

柴油机排气后处理技术

伴随着柴油机排放标准的日益严格 ,柴油机排气后处理愈来愈受到重视。介绍了柴油机排气PM和NOx 控制技术的进展情况及存在问题 ,并提出了今后的努力方向     

Morphology and oxidation kinetics of CI engine’s biodiesel particulate matters on cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters using TGA

The impact of small compression ignition (CI) engine operation conditions and fuel properties on diesel and biodiesel particulate matters (PMs) quantity using opacity smoke meter is investigated. The biodiesel engine’s PMs are around a half of diesel engine PMs under the same engine operation conditions. Morphology of both engine’s PMs are also studied using a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and image processing method. The average primary nanoparticle sizes of diesel and biodiesel engine’s PMs are approximately 34 nm and 32 nm, respectively. The result shows that engine operation condition and fuel property are strongly impact on the quantity and size distribution of primary nanoparticles emission. PM oxidation kinetics on conventional cordierite Diesel Particulate Filters (DPFs) powders by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) is also successfully studied. The calculated apparent activation energies of biodiesel engine’s PM oxidation on conventional cordierite DPFs powders are lower than that of diesel engine’s PM and carbon black because of unburned oxygenated molecule. The calculated apparent activation energy of biodiesel engine’s PM and diesel engine’s PM oxidize on conventional cordierite DPFs powders with pure air are in the range of 109 ~ 131 kJ/mole and 117 ~ 130 kJ/mole, respectively. It might be expected that smaller primary nanoparticle size of biodiesel engine’s PMs and bio-oxygenate unburned hydrocarbon can promote more PM oxidation rate during vehicle’s DPF regeneration process.     

Nanoparticle emission characteristics and reduction strategies by boost pressure control and injection strategies in a passenger diesel engine

This research attempted to analyze nanoparticles and other harmful exhaust emissions in accordance with injection strategies and air-fuel ratio (AFR) changes for small diesel engines. The emission characteristics were analyzed in the medium-speed condition, which is the main driving range of a diesel engine. In the case of particulate matter (PM), the number of particles was measured, analyzed, and compared to identify the correlation and emission characteristics of nanoparticles by using a dilution device and condensation particle counter (CPC), which are international standards for particle measurement recommended by the Particulate Measurement Programme (PMP). The engine torque tended to be reduced as pilot injections were added, and the torque was increased by the increased boost pressure, but reduced by the exhaust pressure increase in a part of the low-load range. The number of nanoparticles was not influenced greatly by the change in AFR, but the reduction effect on the PM weight was great depending on the boost pressure increase. In addition, the number of nanoparticles tended to increase as the fuel injection timing became closer to TDC in all conditions, and its difference became larger with an increase in AFR. In addition, in the case of the pilot injection, nanoparticle emission showed similar characteristics depending on the main injection timing, but it was increased by advanced injection timing when performing the main injection only, and the number of the nanoparticles increased as pilot injections were added. Last, the optimal conditions for EMS calibration were analyzed by selecting the conditions of torque reduction and NOx increase within 5 % from all of the engine operating conditions; optimized conditions are presented.     

GTL燃料发动机的性能及排放特性

进行了柴油机燃用柴油、天然气制油GTL燃料及GTL-柴油混合燃料(GTL燃料体积分数分别为10％和20％)的外特性、负荷特性和ESC十三工况试验,研究了柴油机燃用GTL燃料的动力性、经济性和排放特性.试验结果表明:与燃用柴油相比,随着GTL燃料比例的增大,柴油机排放逐渐降低.燃用GTL燃料时的外特性功率和扭矩与柴油相当...     

一种多元催化系统对柴油机排气净化研究

对使用低温等离子体(NTP)辅助催化型颗粒物捕集器(CDPF)的多元催化净化系统对柴油机尾气污染物的净化作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,NTP可有效去除柴油机PM,最高净化效率可达67%,且受柴油机运行工况影响较小,但受能流密度影响较大,且NOx的浓度均有不同程度的增加;使用NTP/CDPF多元催化净化系统,两种净化措施能形成优势互补,对柴油机尾气中NOx、PM等污染物有良好催化净化性能,去除效率分别达82%、31%。     

掺烧比对P50/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧与排放的影响

燃料富氧重整和双燃料燃烧模式是改善燃烧过程和降低颗粒物排放的重要方法.在一台四缸增压中冷的高压共轨柴油机上,采用进气道喷射甲醇、缸内喷射P50(50％体积比例柴油与50％体积比例PODE)的双燃料模式,研究掺混比对P50/甲醇双燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响.研究结果表明:相比于纯柴油模式,P50及P50/甲醇双燃料燃...     

催化剂涂覆量对POC降低柴油机排放的影响

在1台4缸柴油机上进行了POC催化剂涂覆量对柴油机污染物排放量影响的试验研究,分析了POC催化剂涂覆量对HC,CO,PM和烟度的影响规律。结果表明,催化剂涂覆量为0.706×10-3 g/cm3时对HC和CO均有较高的转化效率,分别为58.4%和72.5%;涂覆催化剂后,POC对PM的氧化率和捕集率随POC前温度的变化呈现相似的规律,最高捕集率与氧化率均出现在230℃左右,分别为73.2%和30.1%。     

燃油含硫量对柴油机微粒排放影响的研究

选择两台涡轮增压柴油机,一台在发动机试验台上进行ECE R-49试验,另一台4缸、直喷共轨、2 L排量的柴油机装车在汽车底盘测功器上进行NEDC试验,研究了含S量对柴油机PM排放的影响。结果表明,柴油中的含S量对柴油机PM排放有很大影响,减少柴油含S量能直接降低柴油机的PM排放。     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.