Water masses and cyclonic circulation in Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California, during June 1998

The Bay of La Paz, a coastal and shallow basin of the Gulf of California (depth<420 m), exchanges mixed-layer waters with the Gulf of California predominantly through Boca Grande (Big Mouth), in the northeastern part of the bay. Equatorial Surface Water (ESW) flows from the gulf to the bay; once there, due to evaporation processes, this water increases its salinity above 35.00, therefore becoming Gulf of California Water (GCW) Mass. During June 1998, the baroclinic circulation in the bay was dominated by a cyclonic gyre. The hydrographic dome, related to this gyre, is depicted until approximately 150-m depth. However, the vertical mixing of water between the mixed-layer and the ones below practically does not occur because of the development of a sharp pycnocline. This fact and the isolation of the bottom of the bay by a bathymetric sill (approximately 250-m depth) at Boca Grande induce low oxygen content, particularly in the bottom-waters (O₂<0.1 ml/l). Chlorophyll values are higher and with larger vertical fluctuations within the Bay of La Paz than outside.     

钦州湾滩槽地貌体系演化数值模拟研究*

钦州湾的滩槽地貌体系由东、中、西3条主要的涨、落潮水道和相间分布的沙脊(洲)组成。利用3D、无结构网格、有限体积法、并行计算的FVCOM数值模式对整个钦州湾水下地形的冲淤演变进行模拟研究。结果表明,槽冲滩淤的冲淤格局反映出潮流是塑造和维持钦州湾滩槽地貌体系演变的主导动力;钦州港对东水道2000年9月—2002年12月、2004年2月—2008年12月分别进行的3万吨级、10万吨级航道疏浚工程引起了目前的滩槽地貌体系的冲淤调整,初期强度较大,随后缓慢下降,这一调整过程将持续很长一段时间;各类工程的影响相互叠加,须密切关注。     

Pollution history of a tropical estuary revealed by combined hydrodynamic modelling and sediment geochemistry

Hydrodynamic modelling of water movement in Hunts Bay, a protected part of Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, shows that depth averaged tidal flows are very low. In the northeast corner of Hunts Bay, water is essentially stagnant. Even under high flow conditions, much of the Bay bottom water is ‘bypassed' by buoyant, lower salinity surface flows. The muddy sediments of Hunts Bay reflect these sluggish to stagnant conditions; sediment cores from the northeast corner of the Bay contain progressively higher amounts of organic matter in their upper parts (last 15–20 years sedimentation). Combined C/N ratios and stable carbon isotope compositions of this organic matter imply a sewage origin. Both lead and chromium metal concentrations and enrichment factors relative to average crustal shales show geographically related patterns that reflect hydrodynamic circulation predicted by modelling. In particular, metal concentrations and enrichment factors are highest at the northern end of the bay, especially in the northeast corner. Modelling confirms that stagnant conditions would occur in the northeast part of the bay even without the presence of a major causeway. The causeway may contribute to low flow conditions, but is not the principal cause of organic contamination, which is simply an excessive input of sewage.     

Influence of model domain size,wind directions and Ekman transport on storm surge development inside the Chesapeake Bay: A case study of extratropical cyclone Ernesto, 2006

The Chesapeake Bay is vulnerable to severe flooding caused by hurricanes and strong Northeasters. A 3D storm surge model of the Chesapeake Bay is developed for studying the impact of model domain size, wind directions and Ekman transport on the storm surge in the Chesapeake Bay. The model encompasses the Chesapeake Bay and the US East Coast shelf to reduce the influence of model domain size on surge prediction inside the Chesapeake Bay and to account for both local and remote wind effects. This study used 3D model experiments, with respect to different wind directions, to diagnose the relative influences of the local and remote wind effects and Ekman transport on spatial surge distribution during storm events. The model results confirmed that spatial surge distribution can be well explained by the superposition of two distinct physically driven mechanisms during a storm event: incoming surge wave caused by remote effects and local wind forcings. A large model domain is a necessity for predicting storm surge accurately inside the Chesapeake Bay. The model results suggest that the interactions of the incoming surge propagating into the Bay and the local wind forcing from N and NE directions result in an enhanced setup in the lower to middle portions of the Bay, whereas the superposition of incoming surge and the local wind forcing from S and SE directions enhance the surge in the upper Bay region. A combined northwesterly wind over the middle to upper portions of the Bay and southwesterly wind over the lower Bay can cause a large setdown throughout the entire Bay. The Ekman setup along the coast contributes significantly to the water level variations during storm events. It enhances (reduces) surge inside the Bay under the wind forcings from N and NE (SW, S, and SE) directions.     

Mesozooplankton species distribution in the NW and N Iberian shelf during spring 2004: Relationship with frontal structures

We have analysed the mesozooplankton community structure in the southern Bay of Biscay shelf and its relationship with the hydrographic conditions during spring 2004. According to thermohaline characteristics, we observed two frontal zones of distinct origin along the shelf (around 7° and 3°W), that allowed us to differentiate three different hydrographic domains. The westernmost part of the shelf (WC), defined by the presence of relatively warm and salty water related to the presence of the Iberian Poleward Current (IPC), the easternmost region (EC), characterized by colder and fresher water and subject to the influence of freshwater inputs from the Adour river in the French coast, and a region in the Central Cantabrian Sea (CC), where thermohaline characteristics were intermediate between these two extremes. The mixing layer depth (MLD) regime in these areas was also different: the WC region was characterized by a mixed water column, whereas in the EC region the river discharges produces stratification of the upper meters of the water column (< 10 m); in the CC region, we found a distinct vertical mixing regime that separated coastal (stratification) from shelf (mixed water column) stations, giving rise to a notorious across-shelf front. We found a good match between the aforesaid hydrographic regions and the distribution of mesozooplankton species composition and community assemblages: the Mantel correlation between physical variables and mesozooplankton distribution was highly significant (n = 63, r = 0.70, α < 0.001). In the WC region, the community was dominated by Paracalanus parvus, Oithona helgolandica, Acartia clausi and Clausocalanus pergens, while in the EC region the most dominant species were Noctiluca scintillans, Oncaea media and Temora longicornis. The CC region showed similar composition of copepods than the WC region, but larvaceans (Oikopleura spp. and Fritillaria spp.) were more abundant in the CC region than in the WC region. Within each zone, the relative abundances of the dominant species differed between coastal and shelf locations.     

长江中下游航道工程建设及整治效果评价

对20世纪90年代以来开展的长江中下游航道整治工程建设经验进行总结,统计航道现状和已建、在建和拟建的航道整治工程概况,从滩槽演变、高滩岸线、汊道分流、航道尺度对工程建设整治效果进行评价,并对后续航道建设中存在的问题进行分析。对比工程实施前后的航道条件,已建工程对影响航道条件的洲滩、岸线实施系统守护,稳定了河势及滩槽格局,全面提升航道水深及稳定性,工程河段航道条件得到显著改善,为后续治理奠定良好基础。     

Bathymetry impacts on water exchange modelling through the Danish Straits

Deep and narrow channels in Danish Straits are one of the governing factors for the Baltic–North Sea water and salt exchange. The channels have a depth up to 50 m and a horizontal scale of a few hundred meters. The typical horizontal resolution used in current operational three dimensional Baltic–North Sea models is 1 nautical mile (nm) which can not well resolve these deep channels. In this paper, an alternative method is used to generate the 1 nm resolution bathymetry so that the deep channel is well resolved and at the same time the total water volume is roughly conserved. The impact of the new bathymetry on modelling water and salt transports as well as temperature and salinity structure is assessed by comparing a 3-year model run with the adjusted bathymetry and a control run with the averaged bathymetry. Volume and salt transports through the Great Belt are examined in the two runs. The results show that the model ocean is dominated by a typical two-layer transport (i.e., upper brackish Baltic outflow and lower saltier inflow), and the new bathymetry significantly enhances the two-layer transport. The lighter Baltic outflow is increased by 18% in the upper 10 m and saltier deep inflow is increased by 300% (in comparison with the old bathymetry) below 10 m. The total net transport into the Baltic Sea is increased by 13%. The temperature and salinity structure is also significantly influenced by the bathymetry, especially during inflow events. The stratification is strengthened and the bottom salinity is increased in Danish Straits and adjacent waters. The bathymetry impact is found significant through the entire 3-year model run period, and the signal is propagated to a large area covering the Stopple Channel. Comparison with observations show that such changes are positive improvements to the models. The results suggest that the deep channels in the Danish Straits have to be carefully resolved in order to correctly simulate the Baltic–North Sea water exchange.     

海湾电厂三维斜压水流和温排水数值模拟

考虑海湾地区水体密度分布不均所引起的密度梯度和斜压效应,建立正交曲线坐标下基于σ坐标的三维斜压水流和温排水数学模型。将该模型应用于象山湾内某电厂的温排水运动特性研究,计算所得的潮位和流速与原体观测资料吻合良好,所得温排水的温升范围以排水口为中心,随湾内涨、落潮呈带状分布,排水口近区热分层现象明显,温升分布计算结果与物理模型试验结果趋势一致。     

Comparison of simulation results and field data on currents and density in Tokyo Bay

A multilevel model was applied to the calculation of permanent current and density variation in Tokyo Bay, and the change of the state of stratification and the accompanying current field was simulated. In the numerical simulation, the observed field data such as wind conditions and atmospheric temperature were used as input to the calculation, and the results were compared with the observed values of currents, salinity, and sea temperature. Comparison of simulation results and observed data revealed that the numerical simulation could describe well the current and density field governed by wind under stratified conditions. In particular, the long-term variations of the vertical structure of salinity and temperature from summer to autumn could be predicted qualitatively, as could the long-term variations of the vertical structure of salinity and temperature from summer to autumn. Additionally, the effects of boundary conditions on the results of numerical simulations were examined. As a result, it was clarified that the simulation results of salinity stratification were strongly affected by the boundary conditions such as river discharge and the vertical structure of salinity at the open boundary adjacent to the outer ocean.     

Baroclinic eddy formation in a Rhine plume model

A three-dimensional finite difference tidal model, including advective and diffusive transport of salinity, is used in the two-layer model for simulation of Rhine water outflow. Layer depths are adjusted in a way that no advective transports between upper and lower layer take place in case of sufficiently stable stratification.Model results show frontal eddy development related to (limited) growing internal waves in case of weak northeasterly to southeasterly winds. It is shown that baroclinically unstable conditions occur, related to vertical velocity shear, resulting in frontal meanders with wave lengths between 18 and 30 km. Satellite images of sea surface temperature show a comparable behaviour of the temperature front, which is strongly correlated with the salinity front of the Rhine plume.     

胶州湾潮致余环流与水道-沙脊演化

胶州湾保存了较为完整的水道-沙脊体系。在人类高强度工农业活动干预下,水道的稳定是关系到该地区经济可持续发展的重要问题。数值模拟显示,受海岸线和水下地形的控制,胶州湾内外形成了若干规模、强度不等的潮致余环流系统;不同时期的水下实测地形图的对比揭示出沧口水道作为胶州湾内一条重要的黄金水道,呈现出不断淤积萎缩的趋势,据分析与余环流持续提供的细颗粒泥沙淤积有关。胶州湾潮致余环流对维系湾内、外的水力泥沙联系和水道-沙脊体系的演化具有重要作用。     

High-resolution surveys of the biogeochemistry of the New England shelfbreak front during Summer, 2002

We present the observations from a pair of field experiments at the New England shelfbreak front in June and August of 2002, each consisting of 14 cross-frontal surveys using the Lamont Pumping SeaSoar. Measurements of the front's physical, chemical, and bio-optical characteristics were made at high spatial and temporal resolution. The front, based on water-column hydrographic distributions, was found within a few km of the 200 m isobath during both cruises. We present here composite sections, based on averages of individual sections shifted in space to a common frontal location, of the cross-frontal distributions of these properties as a measure of the mean state of the front in both June and August. The observations show the familiar temperature, salinity, and density distributions of the summertime front, dominated by surface thermal heating. Nutrient and bio-optical distributions show the combined effects of water-mass exchange and biological processes. T, S, silicate, and phosphate distributions are suggestive of cross-frontal exchange of slope- and shelf waters, although transport mechanisms and pathways are not apparent. These properties, along with nitrate and optical measures of the suspended particle distributions, show vertical displacements of isopleths as the front is approached: property contours slope upwards toward the front from the shoreward side, and downwards toward the front from the seaward side. Again, actual water-movement pathways are not constrained by these suggestive patterns. Bio-optical distributions show elevated indicators of photosynthetic efficiency both seaward and shoreward of the front, but the front itself is a minimum in biomass. Accumulation of photosynthetic biomass appears to be controlled primarily by nitrate scarcity in waters within and above the pycnocline. At the base of the pycnocline, light limitation appears to be the controlling factor, although the base of the euphotic zone is deeper than the biomass maxima and the base of the pycnocline. Mechanisms explaining this phenomenon are unclear, but tenuous evidence suggests low stratification at the depth of the 1% light level may not allow phytoplankton to optimize for the low-light, high-nutrient conditions at depth. Cross-frontal differences in nutrient and bio-optical parameters, particularly in August, suggest distinct phytoplankton assemblages, and the presence of calcite-forming or nitrogen fixing groups to the community structure, especially in very shallow waters across the front and in pycnocline waters seaward of the front.     

洋山深水港工程建设中堵汊问题的思考

洋山深水港是我国首个海岛型大港,辟建在以小洋山为主体的北岛链上,与其隔水相遥的是以大洋山为主体的南岛链,两岛链合围成一平面上呈漏斗状海域,斗口西张,直对悬沙浓度极高的杭州湾。为了获取足够的港区陆域和顺直岸线,工程封堵了北岛链的3个汊道,陆联诸岛,极大地改变了自然环境。本文根据大量伴随工程进行的水文和地形观测资料,以洋山海域所处特殊环境为基础,从堵汊工程前后进出海域的潮致环流的作用以及港区主通道流场结构的变化等,阐明不同工程期对海域水沙运动和海床冲淤的影响,并据此推断,调整洋山深水港最初建港方案,保存颗珠山汊道的畅通是科学合理的。     

新时期长江口航道建设深化研究方向的探讨

长江口航道的建设与管理面临着河势背景深刻变化的新情况和生态优先等新要求.为了进一步提高航道的综合通过能力,分析近几十年来长江口河势的主要变化,归纳长江口深水航道的治理(设计)思路.基于对长江口在盐、淡水交汇和潮汐环境中的黏性细颗粒泥沙运动物理过程和航道回淤机理的认识,包括盐度和含沙量的层化、紊动抑制、悬沙斜压效应以及纵...     

三百门港泥沙淤积研究

为开发利用柘林湾水域,拟在湾内兴建深水码头,但湾内水深浅,且有三条水道与外海相通,为搞清建港后港域的泥沙回淤情况和堵塞其中一条水道造成的影响,本文通过实测水文资料分析、数学模型计算等手段,对上述问题进行了分析论证,为该工程项目提供决策依据。     

Quasi-simultaneous observation of currents,salinity and nutrients in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume on the tidal timescale

During both the spring- and the neap-tide periods of November 2005, quasi-simultaneous observations were carried out by six boats over 26 h at 12 stations in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) plume. The simultaneous observations provided the actual distribution isopleths of salinity and nutrients that displayed considerable intra-tidal variations at surface, especially in the southeastern section of the study area. The lack of synopticity in sampling might lead to large discrepancies of the interpolated contours of salinity from the actual distribution isopleths. No clear flood-ebb asymmetry of salinity stratification was observed; whereas at inner stations, surface-to-bottom bulk velocity difference (current layering) always tended to be greater during the ebb fraction of a semidiurnal cycle. At a given station, the weaker neap tides commonly induced stronger salinity stratification, less intra-tidal variability of salinity and nutrients, and less intrusion of bottom saltwater. Nutrients (SiO₃^2?, NO₃^?, and PO₄^3?) showed more nonconservative behaviors during the neap tides, presumably as a result of the prolonged residence time of seawater and decreased suspended particulate matter levels than during the spring tides.     

从河床特性与演变角度评长江中下游张家洲浅水航道的开发与整治

长江中下游张家洲河段属分汊河床，由“张家洲”江心洲将河床分为南港与北港。在枯水期南港与北港的诸浅滩水深不足３．８ｍ，严重影响航运。本文根据地理调查，近１００年来历史航道图的比较，航道水深的测量值，以及河床水力几何形态关系的分析，着重研究了张家洲浅水航道的河床演变与南北两港及其浅滩的河床水力几何形态，探讨的成果可作为张家洲浅水航道的整治以及长江中下游航道的开发规划与建设的参考。     

海侵驱动下的胶州湾沙脊-水道体系形成与演变

胶州湾作为一个半封闭的基岩海湾,湾内、外均发育了较为完整的沙脊-水道体系。胶州湾外从崂山头到大珠山咀沿线在晚更新世低海面时(-20m)由波浪向岸输沙形成了古滨面沙坝,在随后的全新世海侵过程中,古滨面沙坝受到潮流动力的强烈改造,形成了南沙、大竹等沙脊和竹岔水道等,而赤岛沙脊、沙子口连岸沙坝等则是古滨面沙坝近岸部分的残留沙体;胶州湾内的沙脊-水道格局受到全新世海侵前原始沟谷地形的控制,海侵后沟谷被淹没成为涨、落潮通道,而沙脊则是由海侵前胶州湾入湾河流的"河口沙坝"或者"河口远端坝"等堆积而成;现代胶州湾沙脊-水道体系的演变具有明显的继承性特征。     

On the application of hydraulic theory to the deep-water flow through the Irbe Strait

A flow-dependent critical-point method for investigating topographically controlled flow in natural channels is applied to the bottom current through the Irbe Strait connecting the Baltic proper and the Gulf of Riga. This approach is based on the functional formalism due to Gill [Gill, A.E., 1977. The hydraulics of rotating-channel flow. J. Fluid Mech., 80, 641–671.], and here is used for the stratified flow structure observed during the IRBEX-95 field campaign. A critical section of the realizable flow regime was found to be located slightly downstream of the most pronounced horizontal constriction of the channel. The predicted baroclinic volume flux 7200 m³ s⁻¹ overestimates the observed mean bottom-water transport by around 30%, a discrepancy which most likely can be explained by the lack of sea level conditions and friction in the model.     

Seasonal changes in the positional importance of components in the trophic flow network of the Chesapeake Bay

Community-level processes may shape food web structure. In this paper, a graph theoretical study of the weighted trophic flow network of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem shows how important are positions in the energy (carbon) transport system. The positional importance of components is compared to the quantity of energy flowing through them. We suggest that the congruence between important network positions and large flows refers to the larger role of trophic interactions in community control. A seasonal dynamical analysis of the network has led us to the conclusion that winter is the season when the importance of predation is the highest.