浅谈船舶优先权

船舶优先权作为海商法领域中一项特别的法律制度,历来为各国航运界、律师界、司法界及海商法学界所重视。因为它具有最优受偿序位,是否享有船舶优先权对于权利人来说有着切身的利益。本文就船舶优先权的含义、性质、特征、项目及受偿顺序、行使和消失等有关问题作一番浅析。     

航道养护费能否列入船舶优先权的海事请求范围

船舶优先权作为海商法的一项重要制度，对海事清求相关人具有重要意义。最高人民法院一则新的司法解释将航道养护费列入产生船舶优先权的海事请求范围。本文通过对船舶优先权概念、法律特征的分析，从船舶优先．权适用的地域范围和船舶优先权的客体两方面，对航道养护费的缴付清求能否适用船舶优先权提出质疑。     

船舶优先权先于修船留置权受偿之不完全合理性思考

根据<海商法>第21条规定,船舶优先权是指海事请求人具有<海商法>第22条规定的海事请求事项,向船舶所有人、光船承租人、船舶经营人提出海事请求,对产生该海事请求的船舶具有优先受偿的权利.根据<海商法>第25条第2款关于船舶留置权的规定,修船留置权是指修船人在合同另一方未履行合同时,可以留置所占有的船舶,以保证修船费用得以偿还的权利.根据同条第1款的规定,当产生海事请求的船舶附有船舶优先权,同时又设有修船留置权时,船舶优先权先于修船留置权受偿.     

论船舶优先权的消灭

船舶优先权是海商法中特有的制度。船舶优先权的消灭除了考虑我国《海商法》中的特别规定以外,还应考虑适用民法的一般理论和国际上通行的作法,也期符合时代潮流。另《海商法》第２９条规定的期间的性质根据国际公约的规定和一般法理,其性质应明确为除斥期间。     

关于实现船舶优先权程序问题的探讨

在海商法学术界,对船舶优先权到底是属于债权还是物权曾有过轰轰烈烈的大讨论,对船舶优先权的内容、效力、特征也进行了深入的探讨,但这都是学者们对船舶优先权实体法内容的关注。对于实现船舶优先权的程序问题,学者们却鲜有研究。本文作者就司法实践中出现的有关实现船舶优先权的个别程序问题作了初步的探讨,同时对为行使船舶优先权是否可以重复扣船的问题,提出了自己的见解,以供大家参考。     

关于荷兰1993年海事国际私法法案的探讨

结合国际航运和海商法的实践，围绕船舶抵押权与船舶优先权、海上货运输合同以及船舶碰掸等方面的法律适用问题，探讨了荷兰１９９３年有关海商法和内河法的国际私法规则。     

论船员工资船舶优先权的行使

船舶优先权是海商法赋予某些海事债权人的一种特权。船员工资及其他待遇列在船舶优先权的第一项。但在航运实务中,船舶所有人拖欠船员工资的现象时有发生。针对船员各种待遇的界定、船员劳务合作公司的法律地位、船员申请扣船、船舶优先权消灭时效等几个方面如何行使船员工资船舶优先权进行了分析,并提出了处理意见。     

垫款人取得船舶优先权的相关问题分析

船舶优先权的转移，是船舶优先权权利主体(船舶优先权人)的变更。法律一般认为这种转移通过两种途径实现，一是转让，即船舶优先权人把船舶优先权的权益转让给第三人；二是代位，即第三人为船方清偿债务后，获得了原船舶优先权人所有的各种担保和利益，可代位其向船方行使船舶优先权。尽管一些国家在船舶优先权转移的问题上采取了一定的保留态度，但从世界上大多数国家的海商法和一些国际公约的立法实践来看，船舶优先权的转移还是得到承认和支持的。     

有关船舶优先权制度的立法比较

通过对有关船舶优先权的国际公约之间有中国《海商法》中相关内容的比较，从立法的比较角度来探讨船舶优权制度的特点。     

《中华人民共和国海商法》的特点

1.与国际接轨 海运是世界性的,调整海上运输关系和船舶关系的海商法,当然应与国际接轨。 《海商法》第3章“船舶”中关于船舶抵押权和船舶优先权的规定,吸收了1967年《统一船舶优先权和抵押权某些规定的国际公约》的内容;第4章“海上货物运输合同”,以1968年《海牙—维斯比规则》为基础,吸收了1978年《汉堡规则》的部分内容;第5章“海上旅客运输     

内河海事监管模式探索

结合佛山海事局近年来在内河海事监管模式探索方面的实践,进行现状分析,对如何探索创新监管模式,加强内河海事建设,实现内河海事的有效监管找出依据,提出建议。     

海事档案管理与海事文化建设

海事档案管理是海事文化建设的一部分，也是海事业务的基础性工作。近年来，随着沿海港口的开发与开放，海事工作业务也随之扩大．形成大量的海事业务档案。文中通过阐述海事档案特征，分析海事档案管理与海事文化建设的关系，探讨创新海事档案管理形式，目的是充分发挥海事档案的作用，更好地服务于海事文化建设和发展。     

China' maritime developments

Development of ports and shipping in China are continuing at a phenomenal pace. They are now entering a second phase in these developments. With basic capacity to handle China's growing foreign trade established. China's ports and shipping are now being ratinalized in terms of inland infrastructure and intermodal networks, optimum trade flows, foreign alliances, and physical forms or consolidation of cargo. These developments are driven by the lack of a large, deep water ocean fleet on one hand and limited water depths at many major ports. Similarly, the extension of economic development to the inland ports of China has become a priority as has the effective integration of Hong Kong and gradual opening of direct shipping across the Taiwan Straits.     

EU maritime transport

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the European maritime transport policy within the context of maritime politics at large. At the outset the legal framework conditions and supportive instruments for the shipping and port industries are presented. Against the background of recent accidents at sea, such as the sinking of ERIKA and PRESTIGE, the EU legislation on maritime safety is of particular interest as it is both complex and rapid in reaction to environmental needs and political pressure. Finally, the sensible relationship between the EU as a regional organization and the IMO as “the competent international organization” is discussed with a view to reconcile possible rivalry and to suggest a complementary cooperation between the two organizations.     

加强海事发展研究 服务海事科学发展

如何科学预见社会经济发展对海事管理的需求,确立我国海事发展的战略目标和战略步骤,在国内和国际发挥更大的作用,全面推进海事现代化进程,是海事发展面临的机遇和挑战。研究工作已成为当前科学决策的重要手段,加强海事发展研究工作,有利于认清发展形势,把握国际海事发展的趋势和前沿,把握国家经济发展现实和长远的交通运输需求,为保障国家外向型经济的发展,促进区域经济协调发展作出前瞻性预判。     

Culture in maritime safety

Many accidents, resulting in a larger number of fatalities during the last few years, have focused attention on issues of maritime safety. Accident registration reveals that a large proportion have human related causes, and indicates that, by looking at cultural aspects, one's understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to accidents might increase. Several constructs of culture and climate have appeared on national, organizational and safety levels. Those constructs are discussed together with problems that occur when interpreting accidental data, and recording accidental causes. The papers reviewed indicate the existence of a 'chain of evidence' from accidents/safety to attitudes, communications, conflict-solving, etc. and further to safety culture. To be able to reduce the risk for accidents, there seems to be a need for coordination and the cultural perspective seems to be one that integrates and takes the many disciplines and multi-level nature of accidents and safety into account.     

浅议海事调查证据与海事诉讼证据

证据是指用于证明某一事物客观存在或某一主张成立的有关事实证明。无论海事调查还是海事诉讼过程中,证据无疑是至关重要的,它是海事部门查明事实的基础,也是海事法院审判的依据。由于海事调查证据与海事诉讼证据都是对事实的证明,因此这两种证据有很多方面是相同的,但由于调查取证的方法、证明的侧重点、法律规定的不同,海事调查证据与海事诉讼证据必然存在不同之处。本文通过对两种证据在各个方面的比较分析,并参照国外海事调查情况,提出海事调查证据与海事诉讼证据的关系。海事部门海事调查的性质和目的我国自建国以来,直到《海上交通安…     

中国的海事救助系统

主要介绍了中国海事救助的规定和海事救助系统,内容包括:搜救通信手段,通信的发展对搜救的影响,主要法律法规,搜救通信的发展与需求,中国海事搜救通信的现状和经验教训等。     

Culture in maritime safety

Many accidents, resulting in a larger number of fatalities during the last few years, have focused attention on issues of maritime safety. Accident registration reveals that a large proportion have human related causes, and indicates that, by looking at cultural aspects, one's understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to accidents might increase. Several constructs of culture and climate have appeared on national, organizational and safety levels. Those constructs are discussed together with problems that occur when interpreting accidental data, and recording accidental causes. The papers reviewed indicate the existence of a ‘chain of evidence’ from accidents/safety to attitudes, communications, conflict-solving, etc. and further to safety culture. To be able to reduce the risk for accidents, there seems to be a need for coordination and the cultural perspective seems to be one that integrates and takes the many disciplines and multi-level nature of accidents and safety into account.