我国海事事故调查制度完善问题研究

海事调查处理制度是以解决海上交通事故发生为目的而产生的。在进行海事调查的工程中,海事行政主管机关要对当事船舶、设施、人员进行调查取证,进而运用所掌握的证据,遵循一定的原则规律找出交通事故原因并最终判定当事人的责任。在海事部门调查工作中,如何收集运用着证据重现事故发生事实并据以认定事故发生原因是整个事故调查工作的集注与核心。我国的海上事故调查工作起步较晚,海事调查处理制度还存有许多不足之处。     

《海上交通事故调查报告》可否公开

《中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例》（下称《海事调查条例》是海上交通事故调查的法律依据。《调查条例》第十五条规定：“港务监督应当根据对海上交通事故的调查,做出《海上交通事故调查报告书》,查明事故发生的原因,判明当事人的责任;”但对于《海上交通事故调查报告书》是否对社会公开,海事管理机构内部有不同意见。笔者从法理并横向比较道路交通事故调查、民用航空器飞行事故调查的相关规定,提出自己的见解。     

海事调查取证及证据分析浅议

海上交通事故调查处理是我国法律、法规赋予海事主管机关的权利。《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》及《中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例》对海事调查都有明确规定：船舶、设施发生交通事故，由主管机关查明原因，判明责任。海事调查人员在进行事故调查时需要查明事故发生的原因、详细经过、造成的损失等，并由此确定事故的性质以及判明当事人的责任。也就是通常所说的“查明原因，判明责任”。     

船舶定线制下碰撞事故的责任认定

船舶碰撞事故的责任认定，是两艘及以上船舶之间发生碰撞造成损害后，海事管理机构依法对碰撞事故调查取证，并对当事人的责任进行认定的过程。[编者按]     

调查与处理应予分离

我国<海上交通事故调查处理条例>(下简称<条例>),规定了港务监督是<海上交通安全法>和<条例>授权的海事调查处理机构,负责对我国沿海水域内发生的海事进行调查处理,作出<海上交通事故调查报告书>,查明事故原因,判明当事人责任.     

水上交通事故责任认定的行政可诉性与相关问题探讨

水上交通事故的责任认定因涉及事故当事人及利害关系人的权利义务关系,备受当事人及利害关系人的强烈关注,也是水上交通安全管理中最易引发争议的原因。水上交通事故责任认定的行政可诉性问题也是仁者见仁、智者见智,在海事机构内部和行政诉讼实践中均存在不同意见。根据行政法学原理,结合行政诉讼法的规定,分析了水上交通事故责任认定的法律性质,提出水上交通事故责任认定具有行政可诉性的观点。     

事故致因模型在海事调查分析中的应用

《国际海事安全调查规则》内容并未涉及具体的事故调查分析的方法和工具。然而,国际海事组织(IMO)于2013年通过了《协助调查人员执行海事安全调查规则的指南》,该指南5.13节指出事故致因模型作为安全分析工具可以根据实际情况进行修正以应用到具体实践中。研究事故致因模型在海事调查中应用的整个发展历程,分析不同类型的事故模型的应用,用SHEL-Reason模型分析一起具有组织和人为因素的代表性海事调查案例。最后得出结论,对于复杂的海上交通事故的分析,应用依据实际情况整合修改过的事故致因模型是非常有必要的。     

长江江苏段碰撞事故调查处理原因分析

碰撞事故作为内河交通事故中最为复杂的一类事故,其原因分析也是调查人员最为棘手的一个环节。本文从长江江苏段的碰撞事故着手,对常见原因逐一进行了阐述分析,旨在给从事海事调查人员在原因分析方面提供参考。     

海事调查程序增加陈述申辩环节的设想

<正>随着新修订的《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》于2021年9月1日生效，海上交通事故调查所形成的《海上交通事故责任认定书》将作为一种处理海上交通事故的证据。^[1]当海上交通事故当事人对海事管理机构出具的《海上交通事故责任认定书》有异议时，既不能提起行政诉讼，也不能进行复议。另外，在海事调查的过程中，事故当事人没有陈述申辩的权利和机会。^[2]在当前全面依法治国，用法治维护人民权益的时代背景下，如何向海上交通事故当事人提供法律救济渠道，     

“海事调查官”知多少?

<正>2015年6月,长江发生"东方之星"客轮沉船事件之后,广东海事局高级海事调查官许岩松被抽调至湖北参加事故调查。而对于海事调查官,民众却所知甚少。那么,中国的海事调查官,是怎样的人群?他与国外其他国家的海事调查官又有着怎样的不同呢?所谓"海事调查,是指为查明水上交通事故的原因、经过和造成的损害,确定事故的性质与判明事故当事人的责任,而依法进行的一系列调查活动。海事调查官就是具体     

海事部门在海上非法养殖触损事故民事调解中的注意环节

文中对非法养殖的行政违法性、民事所有权合法性及几类非法养殖触损事故赔偿问题进行分析,指出海事部门在非法养殖触损事故民事调解中,应准确认定养殖户的合法物权,明确赔偿范围,判定各方责任,维护当事各方合法权益,妥善处理纠纷。     

船舶违章行为与水上交通事故关系的研究

船舶违法违章行为导致的水上交通事故时有发生,成为水上交通的安全隐患。文中从水上交通事故处理实践出发,对船舶违章行为与水上交通事故的关系以及相互之间责任的认定进行论述,并提出相应的解决方法和途径。     

灰色系统理论在海上交通事故预测中的应用

以某港口2001～2007年海上交通事故统计数据为依据,应用灰色系统预测理论,建立该港口海上交通事故的GM(1,1)模型和UGM(1,1)模型,进行定量计算,结合定性分析,从而预测出该港口2008年海上交通事故的数量,以及2008年各种海上交通事故的比例.     

舟山辖区事故多发原因与对策

最近5年来,舟山辖区发生重大事故16起,死亡130人。文中通过对这期间辖区发生的123起一般等级及以上事故进行的归类统计和逐案剖析,对辖区事故的成因、规律及对策进行了深入研究,并提出了应采取的预警预防预控等措施。     

The subjective measurement of seafarers’ fatigue levels and mental symptoms

Human error is the most important factor causing many ship accidents in maritime industry despite advanced technology and international regulations. Fatigue in seafarers is a well-known problem and a serious cause of ship accidents. There are many factors unique to the marine environment raising the potential for fatigue at sea. Due to the difficulties in measuring human fatigue and also in suggesting fatigue to be a root cause of accident, it is important to devise methods to detect and quantify the fatigue and mental symptoms. In this study, ‘Piper Fatigue Scale’ (PFS) has been used for measuring fatigue level and ‘Symptom Checklist 90- Revised’ (SCL-90-R) for detecting the severity of mental symptoms. Data analyses were performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. According to the results of PFS analysis, a slight degree of fatigue is detected in all sub-dimensions of the scale. According to the results of SCL-90-R analysis, the distress of mental symptoms perceived by seafarers is not generally highly detected. In conclusion, the purpose of this study is to determine, by using subjective measurements, the fatigue level and mental symptoms among seafarers caused by working conditions on-board.     

基于FTA的渔船海损事故分析

事故树分析(FTA)是一种重要而常用的系统安全分析方法。将该方法运用到了渔船海事分析中,并以渔船触礁事故为例运用事故树描述事故的因果关系,进行定性分析,确定出事故的主要因素,提出了事故的控制措施。研究结果表明,在渔船海损事故分析中应用事故树分析方法,有利于对事故的全面分析,便于找出引发事故的直接原因,总结经验,提出事故预防措施,降低事故发生率,保障渔业生产的健康发展。     

From privilege to peril

This article addresses the growing concern over the diminishing legal rights and increasing responsibilities of those in command of ships today. A number of high-profile maritime accidents have focussed on the dilemma faced by shipmasters who appear to be held responsible for actions over which they have little or no control. This seems to indicate that the traditional privilege and honour associated with command appears to have become a risky burden. The article discusses the legal rights and responsibilities that shipmasters have today in terms of international maritime law and policy. Four case studies are utilized to illustrate the problem.     

Duration analysis for recurrent ship accidents

About 63% of the world’s shipping accidents are recurrent—they occur to ships that have already experienced at least one prior accident. Therefore, reducing recurrent accidents can contribute significantly to maritime safety. We study the factors affecting both first and recurrent accidents, by focusing on the duration between two accidents. Cox proportional hazard models are applied to ship accident data from 1996 to 2015, and the results identify which ships have a high risk of recurrent accidents, based on ship attributes, ship supply and market conditions, shipbuilding country, previous accident type, and ship type. The recurrent rate is high when the ship involved in the accident is old, small, flies a flag of convenience, and has no detention record. In addition, the accident risk increases when the shipping market faces a high bunker price, overcapacity in supply, a high time charter rate, or low newbuilding price. On the other hand, ships built in China and Japan have lower recurrent accident rates than those built elsewhere, although ships built in China have earlier first accidents than do others. General cargo ships have the highest recurrent accident rate, followed by dry bulkers, container ships, and tankers, in that order.     

Predictive power of inspection outcomes for future shipping accidents – an empirical appraisal with special attention for human factor aspects

This paper investigates whether deficiencies detected during port state control (PSC) inspections have predictive power for future accident risk, in addition to other vessel-specific risk factors like ship type, age, size, flag, and owner. The empirical analysis links accidents to past inspection outcomes and is based on data from all around the globe of PSC regimes using harmonized deficiency codes. These codes are aggregated into eight groups related to human factor aspects like crew qualifications, working and living conditions, and fatigue and safety management. This information is integrated by principal components into a single overall deficiency index, which is related to future accident risk by means of logit models. The factor by which accident risk increases for vessels with above average compared to below average deficiency scores is about 6 for total loss, 2 for very serious, 1.5 for serious, and 1.3 for less-serious accidents. Relations between deficiency scores and accident risk are presented in graphical format. The results may be of interest to PSC authorities for targeting inspection areas, to maritime administrations for improving asset allocation based on prediction scenarios connected with vessel traffic data, and to maritime insurers for refining their premium strategies.     

Casualty analysis of large tankers

This article presents detailed results of a comprehensive analysis of recorded accidents of large oil tankers (deadweight greater than 80 000 tonnes) occurring between 1978 and 2003. The analysis encompasses a thorough review of available raw accident data and their postprocessing in a way to produce appropriate statistics useful for the implementation of risk-based assessment methodologies. The processing of the captured data led to the identification of significant qualitative historical trends of tanker accidents and of quantitative characteristics of large tanker accidents, such as overall accident rates per ship-year. Data were also analyzed for all major accident categories separately, taking into account tanker ship size/type, the degree of accident severity, and the oil spill tonne rates per ship-year; this led to the identification of heavily polluted worldwide geographical areas as a result of large tanker accidents.