植被对水流特性影响研究进展

根据现有资料总结了植物对水流流速分布、紊动强度和行洪的影响。流速分布受植物影响在各方向上均发生改变;植物的存在改变了水流脉动强度和雷诺应力使水流沿程各断面的紊动强度发生较大变化;在行洪影响中,岸堤常受水流的侵蚀和冲击,选取种植正确的植物和施工位置可较好的减少这些情况的发生。最后提出需进一步研究问题。     

光滑壁面明槽紊流的特性

本文从理论上分析了明槽紊流存在分区结构,给出适用于各区的时均流速分布公式,进一步利用一维激光测速仪对沿流向的流速值息进行量测,用实测的断面时均流速分布验证了分区的必要性和合理性.(?)果表明常用的流速对数分布律仅适用于y/H<0.2的内区.Karman常数定为0.4较合理;积分常数A与水力条件和壁面情况有关.作者对沿流向的紊动强度进行了分析,认为从紊动强度沿断面的分布可更清楚说明明槽紊流复杂的分区结构.     

长江上游分汊河段不同深度水流的紊动特性研究

分汊河段水流的紊动特性对河床冲淤变化和鱼类生境有重要影响,而关于分汊河段水流紊动特性的水平分布的研究较少。为了厘清分汊河段水流的紊动特性,以长江上游部分河段为原型,开展概化模型试验,并对不同深度水流的3个方向(纵向、横向和垂向)的时均流速、紊动强度及紊动能的水平分布特征进行研究。结果表明：分汊水流在分流和汇流区域有低流速区,该区域的水流紊动较强。不同深度水流的紊动强弱与滩体水平剖面面积呈正相关关系,与河床的距离呈负相关关系;近底水流的强紊动区域较为分散;上层水流的强紊动区域较为集中。     

长江中游界牌河段丁坝周围水流特性试验研究

为探求界牌河段丁坝周围水流特性,明晰丁坝周围水流特性与坝头损毁之间的关系,采用清水定床、正态模型试验方法研究长江界牌河段丁坝周围水流结构特点,详细分析流量条件对界牌7#丁坝周围断面测点的流速最大区域及紊动强度最大区域分布的影响,重点分析坝头周围测点三维流速数据。结果表明,从x、z向流速和紊动强度的角度考虑,坝体中部及下游侧是易损区域;随着坝头流速的增大,下潜水流、坝头涡旋系、单宽流量分别成为影响坝头损毁的主因。     

大尺度散粒体周围水流的紊动特性

为探讨大尺度散粒体周围水流的紊动特性,采用高度Δ=5 cm的正方体、球体和四面体概化河床孤礁形态,基于声学多普勒测速仪测量明渠紊流的6组数据,研究脉动流速的统计特性以及紊动强度、雷诺应力和紊动能的分布特征。结果表明:大尺度散粒体周围水流脉动流速的统计参数与散粒体形态密切相关;标准差σ_u~+、峰度K_u的垂线分布较为均匀,σ_u~+沿程分布呈先增大后减小的变化趋势,散粒体上、下游各断面中垂线上的K_u总体大于3,多呈高狭峰,散粒体上游偏度S_k基本为负,下游S_k随水深的增大由正逐渐变为负; 3种散粒体周围水流的纵向紊动强度T_u~+的垂线分布较为均匀,沿程各断面的T_u~+随弗劳德数F_r的增大而增大;正方体的T_u~+总体最大,球体T_u~+次之,四面体T_u~+最小; 3种散粒体周围水流的雷诺应力R~+的垂线分布从近水面到槽底呈逐渐增大的趋势,紊动能E~+的垂线分布呈两端小、中间大的趋势; R~+、E~+在散粒体下游2Δ附近有最大值;大尺度散粒体的阻水面积与其对下游水流的影响强度及范围呈正相关。     

植物不同排列方式对明渠水流影响的试验研究

对相同密度的植物在同一水流条件下采用标准、交错和等差三种不同排列方式进行水槽试验,分析了植物对水流的时均流速、紊动强度及雷诺应力的影响。结果表明三种排列情况下在植物区顶部h/hv（水深与植物淹没高度比）=1.0处,流速分布均呈现＂（＂形状,流速大小在植物区顶部出现反转;在植物区顶部的垂向紊动强度在数值上要明显小于纵向和横向紊动强度;在植物顶层附近雷诺应力达到最大值,从顶层往下,雷诺应力先急剧减小,在到达h/hv=0.6时再缓慢减小,到达槽底附近时标准排列和等差排列雷诺应力接近于0,出现最小值,而交错排列则在槽底附近出现极大值。     

不同宽高比叶片对明渠水流影响的试验研究

采用宽高比尺寸1比20、1.5比13.3和2比10的矩形薄片模拟等面积不同几何形态的植物叶片.通过水槽试验对同一水流条件作用下三种叶片对水流的时均流速、紊动强度、雷诺应力的影响进行研究发现:宽高比越大的叶片对水位的影响越小;植物区同一水深的流速随植物宽高比的增大而减小;同一水深宽高比越大的叶片摆动频率越高,其紊动强度也越大;紊动强度、雷诺应力和时均流速的垂向分布类似都表现出了一定的相似性,说明矩形叶片水流紊动具有三维各向紊动同性,而且叶片宽高比的改变并不影响其紊动的各向同性;植物的存在时会使明渠糙率系数极大的增加.     

复式断面明渠湍流的统计特征和拟序结构

应用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法，研究了复式断面明渠湍流的一阶和二阶统计特征，分析了湍流拟序结构在复式断面明渠内的分布规律。首先，针对平板边界层湍流问题对数值模拟方法的精度进行了验证；随后，分析了复式断面明渠的主流流速分布、二次环流强度和分布，以及二次环流对主流流速分布的影响，讨论了紊动强度和雷诺剪切应力极值大小和分布特征；最后，再现了复式断面明渠湍流的三维拟序结构，阐述了滩槽结合处典型“发卡”涡结构的特征及其诱发二次环流的机制。     

不同坝型丁坝坝体周围水流紊动特性试验研究*

通过水槽试验,结合理论分析,研究丁坝附近水流紊动强度沿水流方向、水深方向和横向的分布规律。绘制5种不同坝体结构形式其周围水流脉动动能和紊动强度的分布等值线图并分析分布规律,进一步探讨不同坝体挑角对丁坝附近水流紊动强度和脉动动能的影响。     

丁坝紊动特性试验研究

利用三维超声学多普勒流速仪对丁坝坝头附近水流和回流区水流的紊动特性进行了系统的观测和分析,得到了丁坝坝头和回流区的水流特性及紊动动能的分布规律。     

Quantifying copepod kinematics in a laboratory turbulence apparatus

We describe application of a new apparatus that permits simultaneous detailed observations of plankton behavior and turbulent velocities. We are able to acquire 3D trajectories amenable to statistical analyses for comparisons of copepod responses to well-quantified turbulence intensities that match those found in the coastal ocean environment. The turbulence characteristics consist of nearly isotropic and homogeneous velocity fluctuation statistics in the observation region. In the apparatus, three species of copepods, Acartia hudsonica, Temora longicornis, and Calanus finmarchicus were exposed separately to stagnant water plus four sequentially increasing levels of turbulence intensity. Copepod kinematics were quantified via several measures, including transport speed, motility number, net-to-gross displacement ratio, number of escape events, and number of animals phototactically aggregating per minute. The results suggest that these copepods could control their position and movements at low turbulence intensity. At higher turbulence intensity, the copepods movement was dominated by the water motion, although species-specific modifications due to size and swimming mode of the copepod influenced the results. Several trends support a dome-shaped variation of copepod kinematics with increasing turbulence. These species-specific trends and threshold quantities provide a data set for future comparative analyses of copepod responses to turbulence of varying duration as well as intensity.     

熵格子Boltzmann方法的重整化群代数湍流模型

重整化群理论所建立的湍流模型能够最大程度地减小模型经验性,因此文章尝试将重整化群代数湍流模型引入到熵格子Boltzmann方法中,建立新型的计算模型以对高雷诺数湍流进行模拟研究。同时为了进行比较研究,还建立了熵格子Boltzmann方法的标准大涡模拟模型。完成了对高雷诺数湍流绕流场的模拟计算。结果表明:所建立的熵格子Boltzmann方法重整化群代数湍流模型能够有效地模拟高雷诺数湍流流动问题;其对紧贴壁面处较小尺度湍涡的模拟结果趋近于大涡模拟的结果;重整化群代数湍流模型在对高雷诺数湍流的模拟中表现出耗散模型的特征。     

Swimming for survival: A role of phytoplankton motility in a stratified turbulent environment

We investigate a role for vertical migration in stratified coastal water, where the swimming speed is generally significantly less than the typical turbulent fluctuations in a tidally-mixed bottom layer. In our modelling approach we use a k- turbulence model to describe the physical forcing, a Lagrangian random walk model to describe the vertical displacement of individual cells in response to turbulence and due to cell motility, and a phytoplankton growth model to direct the swimming behaviour of the phytoplankton according to their light and nutrient requirements. The model results show how the cells form a stable subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) at the base of the thermocline where episodic tidal turbulence causes erosion of part of the SCM biomass into the bottom mixed layer (BML). We then focus on the question of whether an ability to swim (weakly, compared to typical bottom layer turbulent intensities) provides any advantage by allowing return to the SCM. Our results show that tidal turbulence in the BML helps both motile and neutrally-buoyant cells by periodically pushing them into the base of the thermocline. Motile cells then have the advantage that they can swim further into the thermocline towards higher light which also reduces the likelihood of being re-mixed back into the BML.     

Numerical investigation of turbulence near a sheared air–water interface. Part 1: Turbulence statistics beneath a flat water surface sheared by wind

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent shear flow beneath a flat water surface with imposed wind shear stress are presented. The results of DNS indicate that there are clear differences, and also similarities, between wind-driven flow and the flow near a solid wall. The qualitative structures of turbulence are similar in both types of flow. Low-speed streaks are also present in wind-driven flow. On the other hand, profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence intensities in wind-driven flow are significantly different from those in flow near a solid wall. The differences are attributed to the lack of a viscous sublayer, and to the boundary condition which allows fluctuations of the tangential velocity components at the boundary. LES of the same flow was also carried out to evaluate subgrid-scale models. It was shown that the features of the flow observed in DNS are well simulated by all models tested, and that the discrepancies between DNS and LES with the dynamic mixed model are very small. Received: August 17, 2000 / Accepted: December 22, 2000     

航道清礁对西江鱼类保护区紊流体的影响

河底裸露的礁石增加水体紊动,有助于鱼卵正常形成,大量存在礁石的河段往往是鱼类栖息和产卵的重要场所。礁石也存在碍航的可能,航道清礁一定程度上影响水体紊动强度,改变鱼类栖息环境。为此,在重要鱼类栖息河段进行航道清礁需充分论证。以紊动动能作为评价水体紊动强度指标,开展西江中游珍稀鱼类保护区河段三维紊流数值模拟,计算并统计航道清礁工程前后水体紊动动能及不同强度的紊流水体体积,分析其变化规律及原因。研究结果表明,断面中紊动动能强度与水深成正相关关系;清礁工程导致河段中弱紊动动能的紊流水体体积增加,强紊动动能的紊流体积减小;底层水体紊动动能的变化量高于表层;强紊动动能水体体积减少的变化率大于弱紊动动能水体体积增加的变化率。     

Test of large-eddy simulation models for homogeneous-shear turbulence in stratification

Numerical tests of various subgrid-scale (SGS) models were conducted for turbulence in thermally stratified homogeneous-shear flow at a relatively low Reynolds number. Compared with a direct numerical simulation (DNS), we found that nondynamic isotropic SGS models are not able to represent the energy spectrum very well because the energy decays considerably during the transition between an initial random stage and a stage of coherent turbulent structures. Dynamic models performed well for simulating the energy spectrum and the change of GS properties with time; anisotropy is not a necessary feature under the present simulation conditions, although one of the special features of stratified turbulence is anisotropy. This may be because the present grids for large-eddy simulation were fine enough to resolve the patches of counter-gradient heat fluxes, which play an important role in the evolution of turbulent energy in stratified turbulence. With respect to the domain-averaged values of SGS stresses, only the dynamic two-parameter mixed (DTM) model produced results of the same order of magnitude as those of filtered DNS. This is because of the terms arising from re-decomposing of the SGS stresses in the DTM model. It was also found that this incompetence in simulating the SGS stress is not necessary to simulate GS energy evolution, as is known for wall turbulence. Updated from the Japanese original (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 2001; 190:27–39)     

Effect of microbubbles on the structure of turbulence in a turbulent boundary layer

The time-averaged velocity and turbulence intensity distributions were measured by a laser Doppler velocimeter in a turbulent boundary layer filled with microbubbles. The void fraction distribution was also measured using a fiber-optic probe. The velocity decreased in the region below 100 wall units with an increase in bubble density. This led to a decrease in the velocity gradient at the wall, which was consistent with a decrease in shearing stress on the wall. The turbulence intensity in the buffer layer increased at a low microbubble density, and then began to decrease with an increasing microbubble density. Based on the present measurements, the mechanism of turbulence reduction by microbubbles is discussed and a model is proposed. Received for publication on Dec. 3, 1999; accepted on April 18, 2000     

半潜式钻井平台风载荷CFD预报

在平台设计过程中,海洋平台受到的风载荷是稳性分析与结构设计需要考虑的重要因素。本文采用CFD技术,对某型半潜式钻井平台在作业工况下受到的风载荷进行了预报,分析了湍流模型、风速剖面形式、湍流强度分布等因素对半潜式钻井平台风载荷的影响。结果表明：不同湍流模型对海洋平台风载荷的预报偏差在2%以内,可以忽略湍流模型的影响；风速剖面对风载荷有较大影响,随着风速梯度的增加而增大；湍流强度分布对海洋平台风载荷的影响在6%以内。研究结论可为建立高精度的海洋平台风载荷数值预报方法提供技术支持。     

风力机叶片翼型气动特性数值模拟

针对NACA63-215翼型绕流流动建立了二维可压缩湍流模型,利用商业软件NU-MECA进行了相应的数值模拟计算.湍流粘度分别采用基于RANS的Spalart-Allmaras和Baldwin-Lomax两种湍流模型来处理,得出了雷诺数为3×106时,翼型NACA63-215的升力系数和阻力系数随来流攻角的变化关系及压力分布图,并与试验数据进行对比.研究结果表明:Spalart-All-maras湍流模型比Baldwin-Lomax湍流模型在预测翼型失速后气动性能方面更加有效,Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型在大攻角下较易收敛且计算出的翼型气动性能与试验值更接近.