Study on the design of propeller blade sections using the optimization algorithm

A new method for designing propeller blade sections is presented. A vortex lattice method is used to evaluate the performance and the time-dependent pressure distribution on the blade surface in a non-uniform flow, while efficient optimization algorithms are used to modify the blade sections. Two different designs were carried out in this study. The first was a design to realize a target pressure distribution in a rotating three-dimensional flow. A two-dimensional wing theory was used to obtain the target pressure distribution. The predicted increase in efficiency and the reduction in the cavity volume were confirmed by model experiments. The second was a design to maximize the propeller efficiency. By this method, the propeller efficiency was improved by 1.2% under the constrains of constant thrust and a prescribed margin for face cavitation.     

螺旋桨扰动速度场数值预报

本文给出了螺旋桨周围流场的预报方法及其数值计算结果。本方法以具有涡分布和源汇分布的升力面来构造螺旋桨对流场的状动。升力面取奖叶拱弧面。根据桨叶表面流动不穿透条件解出升力面奇点后，然后再求它们对流场的扰动。敞水螺旋桨的脉动速度计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

面元法预报螺旋桨表面非定常压力分布

本文建立了扰动速度势面元法预报螺旋桨表面非定常压力分布的理论和数值方法。该方法把桨叶和桨毂表面离散为若干四边形双曲面元,每个面元上布置等强度源汇和偶极子分布,螺旋桨尾涡面也离散为布置等强度偶极子的四边形双曲面元。所有的时域参数通过傅里叶级数展开转化为频域参数,使得在时间域内的求解转化为每一谐调阶上的求解。桨叶随边处通过迭代和采用广义逆矩阵方法在每一谐调阶上实现非线性等压库塔条件。桨叶表面非定常压力     

Comparative measurements on the flow structure of a marine propeller wake between an open free surface and closed surface flows

In order to investigate the effects of a free surface on the wake behind a rotating propeller, experiments were carried out in a circulating water channel for two cases: one with an open free surface and one with a closed free surface covered by a rigid plate. Four hundred instantaneous velocity fields were measured using a two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at four different blade phases. These were ensemble-averaged to investigate the time-averaged flow structure in the near-wake region. For a surface ship, the flow behind the propeller is influenced by the hull wake and the free surface. The phase-averaged mean velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. The interaction between the bilge vortices and the incoming flow along the ship’s hull deforms the wake structure. Tip vortices are generated periodically, and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The free surface was found to affect the axial velocity component and vortex structure behind the propeller. As the flow goes downstream, the tip and trailing vortices dissipate due to turbulent diffusion and active mixing with adjacent vortices.     

冰载荷下船舶螺旋桨强度的有限元分析

论文研究了冰载荷下船舶螺旋桨的强度问题。基于冰载荷经验公式和五种典型计算工况,利用有限元法进行了冰载荷下螺旋桨的强度分析。建立了一种冰/桨叶碰撞计算模型,对碰撞过程中接触力的变化及螺旋桨的动态响应进行了研究。计算结果可供螺旋桨结构设计时参考。     

反应舵在螺旋桨尾流中的水动力性能

本文对反应舵在螺旋桨尾流中的水动力性能及桨舵干扰进行了研究。舵的水动力及周围流场用面元法计算，螺旋桨性能用无限叶数的简易螺旋桨理论预估。桨舵干扰作用以迭代方法求得。采用面元法计算反应舵的性能，可以更精确地反映较复杂的反应舵表面形状对水动力性能的影响。通过计算得到的舵表面压力分布可看出反应舵节能的原因。本文还对反应舵的操纵性能进行了计算和研讨。     

Numerical Calculation of Marine Propeller Hydrodynamic Characteristics in Unsteady Flow by Boundary Element Method

In this paper, a low-order potential based on surface panel method is used for the analysis of marine propellers in unsteady flow.A linear propeller wake model is employed and its geometry is assumed to be independent of the time.The calculation in time domain is carried out from a moment when the rotation of the propeller becomes steady instead of from the moment when the rotation strats from stationary condition.At every time step a linear algebraic equation established on a key blade is solved numerically combined with the Kutta pressure conditon.The calculated results by developed code indicate good convergency and effrctiveness of present algotithm for conventional propellers and highly skewed propellers.     

螺旋桨空泡体积测量

螺旋桨背片空泡分布形态、变化趋势、面积、厚度、体积变化率对研究桨叶剥蚀、螺旋桨噪声及激振力具有重要的意义.通过双目立体视觉的计算机技术,利用两台不同角度的摄像机采集同一时刻的桨叶背片空泡,计算空间点在两幅图像中的视差,获得该点的三维坐标值,得到螺旋桨空泡面积和体积信息.通过连续采集空泡图像信息并实时处理可进一步得到螺旋桨背片空泡发展趋势和体积变化率信息,为解决降低螺旋桨激振力和噪声、桨叶剥蚀等问题提供了重要的技术检测手段,有助于螺旋桨设计者提供更优秀的螺旋桨方案.     

Experimental study on a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water. Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed.     

B型图谱桨参数化建模与水动力分析

螺旋桨是水下设备推进系统中的核心零件，图谱桨是螺旋桨中的一种，其下又细分为B型、Ka型、AU型、MAU型等。其中，B型图谱桨的桨叶截面形状为翼型，相对其它桨型效率较高。在对经典的图谱和B型图谱桨参数研究比较之后，基于PropCad对B型图谱桨进行了优化设计，导入SolidWorks生成三维模型实现了参数化建模，模型是盘面比为35%的三叶B型图谱桨。通过ICEM CFD对三维模型进行了网格划分,网格分为流动域、旋转域两部分。在Fluent中利用MRF模型进行数值仿真计算，模型设置为RNG k-epsilon模型，将仿真计算的结果与螺旋桨水下实际应用效果进行了对比。仿真结果和实际效果一致，证明了此建模方法的准确性、可靠性，同时也证明了此螺旋桨实际应用时水动力性能优越。     

多岛遗传算法在螺旋桨优化设计中的应用

文章将优化算法应用在螺旋桨的设计中。通过建立数学模型对螺旋桨推进效率进行寻优。以影响螺旋桨推进效率的主要因素(桨叶数、直径大小、螺距比、盘面比)作为变量,进行数学建模,用多岛遗传算法(MIGA)对螺旋桨的推进效率进行优化。这样改变螺旋桨的一部分参数就能直接得到最佳效率下的其他参数,而不需要进行繁琐的螺旋桨敞水性能图谱设计,对现代螺旋桨的设计有实用价值。     

基于Eppler剖面设计方法上的提高空泡起始航速的非定常螺旋桨设计方法

为了提高螺旋桨的空泡起始航速，本文提供了一个基于Eppler剖面设计方法上的非定常螺旋桨设计方法，二维剖面直接由Eppler剖面设计方法给出并直接输入到升力面设计程序中进行三维剖面设计。计算结果表明新剖面螺旋桨方案的空泡斗要比常规剖面的宽。在平均伴流条件下使用升力线、升力面设计程序给出一个初步螺旋桨方案。然后用定常/非定常面法检查设计结果是否满足推力要求并作修改设计，从中选择一个不符合空泡要求的剖面作为关键剖面。使用Eppler剖面设计方法来改善空泡斗，为了研究剖面弦向负荷对螺旋桨性能影响，本文设计两只螺旋桨，一只为带有Naca66迭加Naca a=0.8，另一只为新剖面的方案。模型试验结果证实了设计方法的有效性。     

缩短螺旋桨制造周期的设备及工艺

分析螺旋桨制造过程中每个工序所用的时间,找出螺旋桨制造周期过长的症结所在,通过改进生产设备和工艺,制定缩短螺旋桨的制造周期的工艺方法,分别从改进批铲设备和减少螺旋桨批铲面余量着手,成功地将螺旋桨的制造周期由25天缩短为17天。     

Propeller wake analysis in nonuniform inflow by LDV phase sampling techniques

A laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) phase sampling technique is developed and adopted for the analysis of the flow upstream and behind a four-blade, highly skewed installed propeller in the case of a twin-screw ship model in a large circulating water channel. The technique implemented allows the reconstruction of the 3D flow field as a function of propeller angle in transversal planes located as close as possible to the blade trailing and leading edges. The main features of the propeller installation are highlighted, as well as the strong and complex interaction of the propeller with the hull wake, especially in the brackets region. The high level of detail and accuracy of the data acquired would be a powerful tool for the development and validation of computational codes applied to this topic.     

船舶螺旋桨机翼型桨叶周围粘性绕流的研究

此研究从N-S基本方程出发,采用亚格子尺度模型,运用大涡模拟方法,通过数值计算研究了船舶螺旋桨机翼型桨叶在低马赫数下的粘性绕流情况,其中包括创建模型、网格划分等,获得了速度场、压力场和涡量场等图像,对减小船舶阻力、降低振动噪声和提高船舶螺旋桨的设计水平具有十分积极的现实意义。     

Investigation on the vortex structure of propeller wake influenced by loading on the blade

The vortex structure of the wake behind a marine propeller was investigated in terms of loading variation by using particle image velocimetry. One hundred and fifty instantaneous velocity fields were ensemble averaged to study the spatial evolution of the wake and the behavior of the tip vortices in the region ranging from the trailing edge to one propeller diameter downstream. The trailing vorticity was found to be related to the radial velocity jump, and the viscous wake was affected by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. A vortex identification method using the swirling strength was employed to extract the location of the tip vortex. The loading on the blade made a clear difference to the contraction angles. Slipstream contraction occurred in the very near wake region, and unstable oscillation occurred because of reduced interaction between the tip vortex and the wake sheet behind the maximum contraction point for each loading condition. The maximum tangential velocity around the tip vortex center revealed the average radius of its core, which was used for calculating the vortex strength. Additionally, variation of the average radius of tip vortices with the change of blade loading was related to vortex tube stretching in the wake region. The nearly constant vortex strength continued up to one diameter downstream for light loading and design loading conditions.     

艇后大侧斜螺旋桨负载噪声数值分析

为研究艇后非均匀流场中大侧斜螺旋桨无空泡负载噪声的分布规律,文章采用“CFD+BEM”法,以SUBOFF潜艇后某大侧斜桨为研究对象,首先稳态计算均匀进流下螺旋桨敞水特性,模拟系数值与实验误差在3%以内,验证了CFD数值计算的可信性。然后采用大涡（LES）模拟,对“艇+桨”进行三维非定常数值模拟,计算得到桨表面声偶极子数据后,通过距离加权平均法映射到声网格节点上,将噪声源直接分布在桨叶表面上进行积分来预报螺旋桨的低频线谱噪声。采用边界元法基于扇声源理论通过FW-H声类比方程分别在1 kHz以内对桨盘面、轴向纵剖面及10倍桨半径球场的噪声进行频域求解。研究表明：桨盘面和轴向纵剖面上声指向均呈8字形,但受螺旋桨自身旋转及大侧斜的存在,指向性不唯一;球场声场显示,轴向声辐射面较大,声辐射强,径向辐射面小且辐射较弱;特征点的计算结果显示,高阶叶频声压级明显比一阶叶频低,这与物理现象相符,将特征点处结果与已发表文献进行对比,吻合性良好,并对存在的差异作出了合理的物理解释。该文为螺旋桨噪声预报介绍了一种可行的新方法。     

用热喷涂层防止锰铜合金螺旋桨腐蚀的研究

对锰铜合金螺旋桨表现热涂涂层的性能进行了试验，并对采用热喷涂涂层防止螺旋桨腐蚀的可行性进行了研究。试验结果表明：采用高速氧燃料喷涂技术形成的Ｃｕ９５超涂层人有优良的耐空蚀，耐海水腐蚀性能，可作为锰铜系合金螺旋桨表面的防腐涂层。     

螺旋桨水动力性能的数值预报方法

基于速度势的低阶面元法预报螺旋桨的水动力性能。选用四边形双曲面元对桨叶进行离散以消除面元间的缝隙,基本积分方程由格林公式导出。在面元上布置等强度源汇和偶极子。采用线性尾涡并在每个尾涡面元上布置等强度的偶极子。利用Newton-Raphson迭代过程满足桨叶随边非线性等压kutta条件,使桨叶上下表面的压力在随边处一致。利用Morino计算影响函数的解析公式,采用Yanagizawa方法求得物体表面上的速度分布,并对普通桨和大侧斜桨进行了数值预报。     

螺旋桨建模方法及敞水性能研究

螺旋桨的桨叶是一种典型的复杂自由曲面.论文探讨了螺旋桨建模的两种方法,分别是坐标转换法和缠绕法.坐标转换法通过坐标转换公式,求出螺旋桨曲面型值点的三维空间坐标.缠绕法利用二维桨叶切面图生成三维曲面.在此基础上,基于计算流体力学理论,对模型桨进行了水动力性能数值模拟.通过计算值与实验值的良好吻合,验证了两种建模方法的精确性,同时比较了不同方法的建模精度.